Doxiciclina
Doxycycline
Doxycycline calcium, Doxycycline hyclate, Doxycycline monohydrate
También conocido como: Vibramycin · Doxirobe · Periostat · Doryx · Oracea · Monodox · Adoxa · Atridox · Doxybactin · Ronaxan · Doxycycline hydrochloride · Doxycycline monohydrate · Doxycyclinum · GS-3065 · Doxycycline hyclate
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Evidencia de dosis v13 auditada
Evidencia estructurada para el cálculoBorreliosis (ie, Borrelia burgdorferi [Lyme disease]) (extra-label)
- q12-24h
NA
Contexto clínico obligatorio (2)
- ■ Do not give multivitamins, calcium supplements, antacids, or laxatives 2 hours before or after giving doxycycline as these products can reduce effectiveness of the medicine.
- Doxycycline hyclate tablets and capsules should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers below 30°C (86°F), preferably at controlled room temperature (15°C to 30°C [59°F-86°F]). After being reconstituted with water, the monohydrate oral suspension is stable for 14 days when stored at room temperature.
Susceptible bacterial infections (extra-label)
- q12-24h
NA
Contexto clínico obligatorio (2)
- ■ Do not give multivitamins, calcium supplements, antacids, or laxatives 2 hours before or after giving doxycycline as these products can reduce effectiveness of the medicine.
- Doxycycline hyclate tablets and capsules should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers below 30°C (86°F), preferably at controlled room temperature (15°C to 30°C [59°F-86°F]). After being reconstituted with water, the monohydrate oral suspension is stable for 14 days when stored at room temperature.
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
La doxiciclina es un antibiótico tetraciclínico semisintético de amplio espectro derivado de la oxitetraciclina. Se utiliza ampliamente en medicina veterinaria debido a su perfil farmacocinético favorable en comparación con las tetraciclinas más antiguas.
Ventajas clínicas clave:
- Alta liposolubilidad: Penetra excepcionalmente bien en los tejidos, incluyendo el sistema nervioso central (LCR), la próstata y el ojo.
- Seguridad renal: A diferencia de otras tetraciclinas, la doxiciclina se excreta principalmente en las heces como un quelato inactivo. No se acumula en pacientes con disfunción renal, lo que la convierte en la tetraciclina de elección para pacientes azotémicos.
- Adyuvante en dirofilariosis: La doxiciclina es un componente crítico en los protocolos modernos de tratamiento de la dirofilariosis canina (Dirofilaria immitis). Elimina a Wolbachia, una bacteria endosimbiótica esencial para la supervivencia y reproducción del parásito, debilitando así a los gusanos adultos y reduciendo la patología pulmonar post-adulticida.
Es altamente eficaz contra organismos atípicos, incluyendo Borrelia (enfermedad de Lyme), Leptospira, Rickettsiae, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Bartonella y Bordetella.
Mecanismo de acción
Doxycycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic.
- Primary Mechanism: It reversibly binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms → prevents the binding of aminoacyl transfer-RNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
- Secondary Mechanisms: It may also reversibly bind to 50S ribosomes and alter cytoplasmic membrane permeability.
- Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory Effects: Beyond its antimicrobial properties, doxycycline inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and scavenges reactive oxygen species, which contributes to its efficacy in treating chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., idiopathic rhinitis, arthritis).
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Hypersensitivity to tetracyclines
- Intravenous administration in horses (associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmias)
- First half of pregnancy (can retard fetal skeletal development and discolor deciduous teeth, though less likely than other tetracyclines)
- Pregnant animals
- Animals with evidence of oesophagitis or dysphagia
Efectos adversos
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Anorexia
- Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, ALP)
- Esophageal strictures (especially in cats if dry-pilled)
- Superinfections (non-susceptible bacteria or fungi)
- Photosensitivity (reported in humans)
- Cardiac arrhythmias, collapse, and death (if given IV to horses)
- Nausea
- Diarrhoea
- Oesophagitis
- Oesophageal ulceration/stricture (especially in cats)
- Tooth discoloration (if given during tooth development, though risk is lower than other tetracyclines)
Precauciones
WARNING: Do not administer IV to horses due to risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Do not give IM or SC to any species.
- Esophageal Strictures: Highly associated with "dry pilling" in cats. Always follow oral solid doses with at least 6 mL of water or liquid.
- Hepatotoxicity: Use with caution in animals with significant liver dysfunction, as increases in hepatic enzymes have been documented.
- Pregnancy/Pediatric: Use with caution in pregnant and young animals due to potential for bone and teeth abnormalities, though doxycycline is safer than older tetracyclines.
- MDR1 Mutants: Safe to use; no dose alterations recommended for dogs with MDR1 mutations.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Chelates with divalent/trivalent cations, significantly decreasing doxycycline absorption. Give at least 1-2 hours apart.
May reduce gastrointestinal absorption of doxycycline.
Decreases tetracycline absorption. Give iron 3 hours before or 2 hours after doxycycline.
Bacteriostatic drugs (doxycycline) may theoretically interfere with the bactericidal activity of these antibiotics.
May decrease doxycycline half-life and reduce serum levels.
Tetracyclines may depress plasma prothrombin activity; anticoagulant dosage may need adjustment.
Reduced absorption of doxycycline
Reduced absorption of doxycycline
Reduced absorption of doxycycline
Reduced absorption of doxycycline
May increase doxycycline metabolism, decreasing plasma levels
Reduced absorption of doxycycline (though less marked than with water-soluble tetracyclines)
Monitorización
- Clinical efficacy
- Adverse effects (GI upset)
- Liver enzymes (ALT, ALP) with prolonged use
- Clinical response to therapy
- Signs of dysphagia, regurgitation, or oesophagitis (especially in cats)
- Gastrointestinal upset
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Well absorbed after oral administration (90-100% bioavailability in humans/monogastrics). Unlike other tetracyclines, absorption is only minimally reduced (by ~20%) by food or dairy products. However, in horses, feeding can reduce bioavailability to <5% due to high fiber content.
Distribución
Highly lipid-soluble. Widely distributed to heart, kidney, lungs, muscle, pleural fluid, bronchial secretions, bile, saliva, synovial fluid, and aqueous/vitreous humor. Penetrates CSF, prostate, and eye better than other tetracyclines. Volume of distribution (Vd) in dogs is ~1.5 L/kg. Protein binding: 75-86% (dogs), 82% (horses), 93% (cattle/pigs/cats).
Metabolismo
Partially inactivated in the intestine by chelate formation.
Eliminación
Primarily excreted into the feces via non-biliary routes in an inactive form (chelate). Renal excretion accounts for only ~25% in dogs, and biliary excretion <5%. Does not accumulate in patients with renal dysfunction.
Sobredosis
Doxycycline is generally quite safe in mild overdose situations (except for IV administration in horses).
- Oral Overdose: Most likely associated with gastrointestinal disturbances (vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea).
- Treatment: Oral administration of divalent or trivalent cation antacids (e.g., calcium, magnesium, aluminum) can bind the drug in the gut and reduce GI distress. Monitor and replace fluids/electrolytes if severe emesis or diarrhea occurs.
- IV Overdose: Rapid intravenous injection has induced transient collapse and cardiac arrhythmias in several species, presumably due to chelation with intravascular calcium ions.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Delayed-Release Tablets and Capsules
- Powder for Oral Suspension
- Oral Syrup
- Injection (Lyophilized powder)
- Periodontal Gel (8.5%)
- 20 mg tablet
- 50 mg tablet
- 100 mg tablet
- 200 mg tablet
- 400 mg tablet
- Oral paste (named patient basis)
Veterinario
- Doxirobe® (Pfizer): Doxycycline gel 8.5% activity once mixed (for periodontal disease in dogs)
- Doxybactin 20 mg, 50 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg tablets
- Ronaxan 20 mg, 100 mg tablets
- Oral paste (named patient basis)
Etiquetado para humanos
- Periostat®, Alodox Convenience Kit®, Vibramycin®, Vibra-Tabs®, Oraxyl®, generic: Tablets & Capsules (20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg)
- Doryx®, Oracea®: Delayed-Release Tablets & Capsules (40 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg)
- Monodox®, Adoxa®, generic: Tablets and Capsules (as monohydrate) (50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg)
- Vibramycin®, Doxycycline (Teva): Powder for Oral Suspension (5 mg/mL after reconstitution)
- Vibramycin®: Oral Syrup (as calcium salt) (10 mg/mL)
- Atridox®: Injection (42.5 mg in vials)
- Doxy®-100 & -200, generic: Lyophilized Powder for Injection (100 mg, 200 mg)
Estado regulador
POM-V
POM-V
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Tablets and capsules should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers at <30°C (preferably 15-30°C). Reconstituted monohydrate oral suspension is stable for 14 days at room temperature. Compounded oral suspensions degrade rapidly between 7-14 days even if refrigerated. Tablets mixed with water/food lose >10% potency after 24 hours. Reconstituted hyclate injection (0.1-1 mg/mL) is stable for 72 hours refrigerated.
Información para el cliente
- ADVERTENCIA CRÍTICA PARA GATOS: No administre la pastilla "en seco". Las cápsulas o tabletas de doxiciclina pueden quedarse adheridas en el esófago y causar daños graves y permanentes (estenosis). Siempre acompañe la administración de la pastilla con al menos 6 mL (un poco más de una cucharadita) de agua o líquido. Untar mantequilla en los labios después de la administración puede inducir la salivación y ayudar a que la pastilla baje.
- Alimentos y lácteos: La doxiciclina puede administrarse con o sin comida. Darla con comida puede ayudar a prevenir molestias estomacales. A diferencia de las tetraciclinas más antiguas, la leche o los productos lácteos no bloquean significativamente la absorción de la doxiciclina.
- Luz solar: En casos raros, este medicamento puede hacer que la piel sea más sensible a la luz solar.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.