Enrofloxacino
Enrofloxacin
1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
También conocido como: Baytril · Enrocare · Enrox · Xeden · Zobuxa · Bay-Vp-2674 · Enrofloxacine · Enrofloxacino · Enrofloxacinum
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5-20 mg/kg per day PO | PO | q24h or divided q12h | At least 2-3 days beyond cessation of clinical signs, max 30 days | 🌎 NA |
| Sepsis | 5-20 mg/kg IV | IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Skin, urinary infections | 2.5-5 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Deep pyodermas, complicated urinary infections | 5 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | 7-14 days (up to 10-12 weeks for deep pyoderma) | 🌎 NA |
| Lower respiratory tract infections | 5-10 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | 7-84 days | 🌎 NA |
| Prostate infections | 5 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Histiocytic ulcerative colitis | 5 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | 21-90 days | 🌎 NA |
| Histiocytic ulcerative colitis | 5-10 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | At least 4-6 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Hemotropic mycoplasmosis | 5 mg/kg PO, IM | PO, IM | q12h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Systemic orthopedic infections | 5-11 mg/kg PO, IV, IM, SC | PO, IV, IM, SC | q12h | 10 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pseudomonas infections in soft tissues | 11-20 mg/kg PO, IM, SC | PO, IM, SC | q12h | 7 days minimum | 🌎 NA |
| Bacteremia, sepsis | 11 mg/kg PO, IV, IM, SC | PO, IV, IM, SC | q12h | As long as necessary | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 5 mg/kg | SC | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Prostatitis or specific sites | 10 mg/kg | SC | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections: Pulse dosing regimens may be effective.
- Prostatitis or specific sites: Even higher doses may be necessary for certain isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Contact manufacturer to discuss.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5 mg/kg per day PO | PO | q24h or divided q12h | At least 2-3 days beyond cessation of clinical signs, max 30 days | 🌎 NA |
| Hemoplasmosis | 5-10 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 5 mg/kg | SC | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Susceptible infections | 2.5 mg/kg | PO | q12h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Susceptible infections | 5 mg/kg | PO | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections: Do not exceed 5 mg/kg/day due to risk of blindness.
- Susceptible infections: Do not exceed 5 mg/kg/day due to risk of irreversible retinal blindness.
- Susceptible infections: Do not exceed 5 mg/kg/day total.
- Susceptible infections: Do not exceed 5 mg/kg/day total.
Pequeños mamíferos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pasteurella upper respiratory infections in rabbits | 15-20 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | Minimum 14 days to several months | 🌎 NA |
| Pasteurella in rabbits | 5 mg/kg PO, SC, IM or IV | PO, SC, IM, IV | q12h | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in hedgehogs | 5-10 mg/kg PO or SC | PO, SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in chinchillas | 5-10 mg/kg PO, IM | PO, IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Mycoplasmal pneumonia in mice and rats | 10 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in Chinchillas, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Mice, Rats | 5-10 mg/kg PO or IM q12h or 5-20 mg/kg PO or SC q24h | PO, IM, SC | q12h or q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in Chinchillas, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Mice, Rats (Drinking water) | 50-200 mg/liter | PO | Continuous | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Chronic respiratory disease in rats | 10-25 mg/kg PO | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Pasteurella upper respiratory infections in rabbits: First dose may be SC, do NOT give subsequent doses SC.
- Pasteurella in rabbits: If giving SC, dilute or skin may slough.
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia in mice and rats: Given with doxycycline.
- Susceptible infections in Chinchillas, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Mice, Rats: Do not use in young animals.
- Chronic respiratory disease in rats: If using theophylline concurrently, reduce theophylline dose by 30%.
Hurones
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 10-20 mg/kg PO, IM, SC | PO, IM, SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
Aves
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empirical treatment in stable, immunocompetent Psittacines | 20 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Debilitated immunocompetent Psittacines | 15-20 mg/kg SC in fluid pocket | SC | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Debilitated, immunocompromised Psittacines | 15-20 mg/kg SC in fluid pocket | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in Ratites | 1.5-2.5 mg/kg PO or SC | PO, SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in Ratites (Drinking water) | 10% solution, 10 mg/kg | PO | Daily | 3 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections in Ratites (IM) | 5 mg/kg IM | IM | q12h | 2 days | 🌎 NA |
- Empirical treatment in stable, immunocompetent Psittacines: Given with amoxicillin/clavulanate.
- Susceptible infections in Ratites (IM): IM injections cause severe muscle necrosis.
Reptiles
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible respiratory infections for most species | 5 mg/kg IM | IM | Every 5 days | 25 days | 🌎 NA |
| Chronic respiratory infections in tortoises | 15 mg/kg IM | IM | Every 72 hours | 5-7 treatments | 🌎 NA |
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5 mg/kg IV q24h; 5-7.5 mg/kg PO q24h | IV, PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible respiratory infections | 7.5 mg/kg PO or IV | PO, IV | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (using compounded gel) | 7.5 mg/kg PO | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Susceptible infections: Use in horses is controversial. Only use in adults when other antibiotics are inappropriate.
- Susceptible infections (using compounded gel): Fast for 11-14 hours prior and 1-2 hours after dosing. Rinse mouth with water after dosing.
Ganado
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine respiratory disease | 2.5-5 mg/kg SC once daily for 3-5 days or 7.5-12.5 mg/kg SC once | SC | q24h or single dose | 3-5 days or once | 🌎 NA |
- Bovine respiratory disease: Not for dairy cattle or veal calves. 28-day slaughter withdrawal. Extra-label use prohibited.
Ovejas
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections in alpacas (Camelids) | 5 mg/kg SC or 10 mg/kg PO | SC, PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
La enrofloxacina es un antibiótico fluoroquinolona de amplio espectro y dependiente de la concentración, desarrollado exclusivamente para uso veterinario.
- Espectro de actividad: Altamente eficaz contra una amplia gama de bacilos Gram negativos (p. ej., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella) y muchos cocos Gram positivos (p. ej., Staphylococcus spp., incluidas las cepas resistentes a la meticilina).
- Limitaciones: Tiene una actividad débil contra anaerobios y una eficacia variable contra Streptococcus spp.
- Perla clínica: La enrofloxacina es altamente lipofílica, lo que permite una excelente penetración en los tejidos. Alcanza concentraciones terapéuticas en sitios de difícil acceso como la próstata, el hueso, el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y los compartimentos intracelulares (p. ej., dentro de los macrófagos), lo que la hace altamente eficaz para infecciones profundas e intracelulares.
Mecanismo de acción
Enrofloxacin exerts its rapid bactericidal effect by targeting key bacterial enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription:
- Inhibits DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) → prevents the negative supercoiling of bacterial DNA required for replication.
- Inhibits Topoisomerase IV → interferes with the separation of interlinked replicated DNA molecules.
Result: Disruption of DNA synthesis → double-strand DNA breaks → rapid bacterial cell death within 20-30 minutes of exposure.
Pharmacodynamic Pearl: Enrofloxacin exhibits a significant post-antibiotic effect (PAE) for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, meaning bacterial growth continues to be suppressed even after drug concentrations fall below the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Small and medium breed dogs 2 to 8 months of age (risk of cartilage damage)
- Large and giant breed dogs during their rapid-growth phase (may extend past 8 months)
- Patients hypersensitive to quinolones
- Foals (highly susceptible to arthropathic effects)
- Food-producing animals (extra-label use is strictly prohibited by the FDA)
- Dairy cattle or veal calves
- Growing dogs (<1 year of age; large-breed dogs <18 months of age)
- Cats <8 weeks of age
- Animals with known seizure disorders (relative contraindication)
Efectos adversos
- Gastrointestinal distress (vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea)
- CNS stimulation (seizures, depression, lethargy, nervousness, ataxia)
- Cartilage abnormalities in young, growing animals
- Ocular toxicity/blindness in cats (at doses >5 mg/kg/day)
- Crystalluria (especially in dehydrated patients)
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Elevated hepatic enzymes
- Tissue damage or pain at injection site (especially SC)
- Irreversible retinal blindness (cats)
- Cartilage abnormalities (growing dogs)
- Gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia)
- CNS toxicity / seizures (especially at high doses or with NSAIDs)
Precauciones
Use with caution in patients with seizure disorders due to potential CNS stimulation.
Ensure patients remain well-hydrated to prevent crystalluria.
Patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment may require dosage adjustments to prevent drug accumulation.
Intravenous Administration Risks: Rapid or undiluted IV administration in dogs increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, vomiting, and mast cell degranulation. Do not mix injectable enrofloxacin with any IV solution containing magnesium (e.g., Normosol-R, Plasmalyte) as micro-precipitants can lodge in the lungs, causing morbidity or mortality.
Feline Precautions: Doses exceeding 5 mg/kg/day in cats are associated with severe ocular toxicity, including irreversible retinal degeneration and blindness.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Cations bind to enrofloxacin and prevent its absorption; separate doses by at least 2 hours.
Synergism may occur, though unpredictable against some bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
May exacerbate nephrotoxicity and reduce the metabolism of systemic cyclosporine.
Increases the AUC and elimination half-life of both enrofloxacin and flunixin in dogs.
Severe hypoglycemia is possible.
Decreased enrofloxacin absorption; separate doses by at least 2 hours.
Increased methotrexate levels possible, resulting in toxicity.
May antagonize the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones; concomitant use is not recommended.
May alter phenytoin blood levels.
Blocks tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin (active metabolite), increasing its blood level and half-life.
Increased risk for cardiotoxicity.
May inhibit absorption of enrofloxacin; separate doses by at least 2 hours.
May increase theophylline blood levels (by about 30-50% in dogs).
Potential for increased warfarin effects.
Binds fluoroquinolones, preventing GI absorption
Inhibits absorption (separate dosing by at least 2 hours)
May reduce the clearance of fluoroquinolones
Decreases metabolism and increases nephrotoxicity of ciclosporin
Decreases metabolism and increases nephrotoxicity of tacrolimus
Potentiates CNS adverse effects (seizure risk)
May increase the action of anticoagulants
Monitorización
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection)
- Adverse effects (GI upset, CNS signs)
- In cats: Monitor closely for mydriasis (dilated pupils) and/or retinal changes/vision loss
- Vision and pupillary light reflexes in cats
- Neurological status, especially in patients with a history of seizures
- Joint pain or lameness in young animals (if inadvertently administered)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Well absorbed after oral administration in most species. In dogs, oral bioavailability is ~80% (twice that of ciprofloxacin). Horses: 60-80%. Sheep: 65-75%. Peak levels (Cmax) occur within 1 hour of dosing. Food may delay the rate but not the extent of absorption.
Distribución
Widely distributed throughout the body. Volume of distribution (Vd) in dogs is ~3-4 L/kg. Only ~27% bound to canine plasma proteins. Concentrates in macrophages, bile, kidney, liver, lungs, and reproductive system (prostate). Therapeutic levels attained in bone, synovial fluid, skin, muscle, aqueous humor, and pleural fluid. Low concentrations in CSF (6-10% of serum levels).
Metabolismo
Metabolized to various metabolites. Approximately 10-40% of circulating enrofloxacin is metabolized to the active compound ciprofloxacin in most species (dogs, cats, adult horses, cattle, turtles, snakes). Foals, pigs, and some lizards do not convert much enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin.
Eliminación
Eliminated via both renal (tubular secretion and glomerular filtration) and non-renal (feces/hepatic) mechanisms. Approximately 15-50% is eliminated unchanged in the urine.
Sobredosis
Acute overdoses in dogs typically result in gastrointestinal signs (anorexia, vomiting). Dogs receiving 10X the labeled dose for 14 days developed only vomiting and anorexia. However, extreme overdoses (25X the labeled rate for 11 days) resulted in death.
In cats, overdoses can be severe and irreversible. Doses of 20 mg/kg or more can cause retinopathy, blindness, and seizures.
Common signs of toxicity reported to poison control include vomiting, lethargy, seizures, anorexia, depression, and diarrhea in dogs; and seizures and recumbency in cats.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Tablets (film-coated)
- Oral taste tablets
- Injectable solution (2.27% for small animals, 10% for large animals)
- Compounded oral suspension or gel
- Injectable: 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml
- Oral tablets: 15 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg
- Oral solution: 25 mg/ml
Veterinario
- Enrofloxacin Tablets (Film-Coated) & Oral Taste Tablets: 22.7 mg, 68 mg, 136 mg (Baytril)
- Enrofloxacin Injection: 22.7 mg/mL (2.27%) in 20 mL vials (Baytril)
- Enrofloxacin Injection: 100 mg/mL (10%) in 100 mL and 250 mL bottles (Baytril 100)
- Enrocare
- Enrotron
- Enroxil
- Fenoflox
- Floxabactin
- Powerflox
- Quinoflox
- Xeden
- Zobuxa
Etiquetado para humanos
- None
Estado regulador
POM-V. Subject to strict antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.
POM-V
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Tablets should be stored in tight containers at temperatures less than 30°C and protected from strong UV light. The 2.27% injection should be protected from light and not frozen. The 10% cattle injection should be protected from sunlight, not refrigerated or frozen, and stored below 40°C (104°F). If exposed to cold, precipitation may occur; warm and shake to redissolve.
Información para el cliente
Nota importante para propietarios de gatos: Nunca exceda la dosis prescrita por su veterinario. Las dosis altas en gatos pueden causar ceguera permanente. Si nota que las pupilas de su gato están inusualmente dilatadas o parece tener problemas para ver, suspenda la medicación inmediatamente y contacte a su veterinario.
- Administración: Administre este medicamento con el estómago vacío si es posible. Sin embargo, si le provoca vómitos o malestar a su mascota, puede administrarlo con una pequeña cantidad de comida.
- Manipulación de tabletas: No triture las tabletas recubiertas. El medicamento en su interior es extremadamente amargo y triturarlo probablemente causará que su mascota lo rechace o salive excesivamente.
- Hidratación: Asegúrese de que su mascota tenga acceso a abundante agua fresca en todo momento mientras esté bajo este tratamiento para evitar la formación de cristales en la orina.
- Cachorros/Gatitos: Este fármaco generalmente no se utiliza en animales jóvenes en crecimiento, ya que puede interferir con el desarrollo normal de las articulaciones y el cartílago.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.