Etanol
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
También conocido como: Grain alcohol · Everclear · Vodka (used for compounding) · Medical alcohol · aethanolum · alcool · ethyl alcohol · EtOH
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 5.5 mL/kg IV q4h for 5 treatments, then q6h for four additional treatments | IV | q4h then q6h | 9 treatments total | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 8.6 mL/kg slowly IV followed by a CRI of 1.43 mL/kg/hr | IV | CRI | at least 36 hours although 48 hours is probably better | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity | 5.5 ml of 20% ethanol solution/kg | IV | q4h for 5 treatments, then q6h for 4 additional treatments | 9 treatments total | 🌍 EU |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity (CRI method) | Loading dose of 1.3 ml/kg of 30% solution, then 0.42 mg/kg/h | IV | CRI | 48 hours | 🌍 EU |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity (mild cases) | As directed (equivalent to IV dosing) | PO | As directed | Until toxicity resolves | 🌍 EU |
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: As a 20% solution; dosed as a CRI over 1 hour
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: Make a 7% ethanol solution. If EG test was positive initially, check before stopping treatment; discontinue if it reverts to negative.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity: Adjust dose to maintain blood ethanol levels above 35 mg/dl.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity (CRI method): Constant rate infusion method.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity (mild cases): For clinically mild cases with minimal CNS signs; vodka is often used.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 5 mL/kg IV q6h for 5 treatments, then q8h for four additional treatments | IV | q6h then q8h | 9 treatments total | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 8.6 mL/kg slowly IV followed by a CRI of 1.43 mL/kg/hr | IV | CRI | at least 36 hours although 48 hours is probably better | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity | 5 ml of 20% ethanol solution/kg | IV | q6h for 5 treatments, then q8h for 4 additional treatments | 9 treatments total | 🌍 EU |
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: As a 20% solution; dosed as a CRI over 1 hour
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: Make a 7% ethanol solution. If EG test was positive initially, check before stopping treatment; discontinue if it reverts to negative.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity: Fomepizole is generally preferred over ethanol in cats if available.
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
El etanol (alcohol etílico) se utiliza principalmente en medicina veterinaria como antídoto para la toxicidad por etilenglicol (anticongelante) o metanol.
- Fomepizol (4-MP) es generalmente el tratamiento moderno de elección para el envenenamiento por etilenglicol, pero el etanol sigue siendo una alternativa económica y fácilmente disponible si el paciente se presenta dentro de las pocas horas posteriores a la ingestión.
- Usos alternativos: La inyección percutánea de etanol al 95% se ha utilizado con éxito para tratar el hipertiroidismo felino. El etanol en aerosol se ha utilizado como agente mucocinético en caballos.
Perla clínica: En entornos de emergencia donde el etanol de grado farmacéutico no está disponible, las bebidas espirituosas comerciales (como vodka o alcohol de grano/Everclear) se combinan frecuentemente en fluidos IV para crear infusiones que salvan vidas.
Mecanismo de acción
Ethanol acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
- Ethylene glycol/Methanol + Alcohol dehydrogenase → Toxic metabolites (glycoaldehyde, glycolate, glyoxalate, and oxalic acid).
- By occupying the enzyme, ethanol prevents this conversion, allowing the parent toxin (ethylene glycol or methanol) to be excreted primarily unchanged in the urine.
- Note: For alcohol to be effective, it must be given very early after ingestion; it is seldom useful if started 8 hours after a significant ingestion.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Concurrent use with fomepizole (usually contraindicated)
Efectos adversos
- CNS depression
- Respiratory depression
- Diuresis
- Hypocalcemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Pulmonary edema
- Injection site pain and infection
- Phlebitis
- Extravasation injury
- Bronchoconstriction and irritation (when aerosolized)
Precauciones
Because ethylene glycol and methanol intoxications are life-threatening, there are no absolute contraindications to ethanol's use for these indications. Monitor fluid and electrolyte therapy requirements closely, as both the toxin and ethanol can cause diuresis. Watch for and avoid extravasation. Use during pregnancy only when necessary (FDA Category C). Ethanol may cause false positive reports on ethylene glycol screening tests.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Alcohol may increase the severity of side effects seen with bromocriptine
Will inhibit absorption of orally administered ethanol; do not use if administering ethanol orally
Alcohol may cause additive CNS depression
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; ethanol metabolism is reduced significantly and alcohol poisoning (CNS depression, coma, death) can occur. Use together is generally not recommended.
Alcohol may affect glucose metabolism and the actions of insulin or oral antidiabetic agents
A disulfiram reaction (increased acetaldehyde with tachycardia, vomiting, weakness) may occur
Increases risk of severe alcohol toxicity; concurrent use should be avoided.
Monitorización
- Alcohol blood levels (maintain at 100 to 130 mg/dL; safer to maintain >130 mg/dL than to fall below 100 mg/dL)
- Ethylene glycol or methanol levels
- Degree of CNS effect
- Fluid and electrolyte status
Farmacocinética
Absorción
Well absorbed orally, but administered intravenously for toxicity treatment.
Distribución
Rapidly distributes throughout the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Crosses the placenta and passes freely into milk.
Metabolismo
Metabolized primarily in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase.
Eliminación
Excreted primarily via metabolism, with small amounts excreted unchanged in urine and breath.
Sobredosis
If clinical signs of overdosage occur (lateral nystagmus, respiratory depression, profound obtundation), either slow the infusion or discontinue temporarily. Alcohol blood levels may be used to monitor both efficacy and toxicity of alcohol.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Intravenous infusion (often compounded)
- Aerosol
- Percutaneous injection
Etiquetado para humanos
- 5% Alcohol and 5% Dextrose in Water in 1000 mL
- 10% Alcohol and 5% Dextrose in Water in 1000 mL
Estado regulador
POM (Prescription Only Medicine).
POM (Prescription Only Medicine).
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Alcohol should be protected from extreme heat or freezing. Do not use unless the solution is clear. Alcohol may precipitate many drugs; do not administer other medications in the alcohol infusion solution unless compatibility is documented.
Información para el cliente
- Cuidados intensivos: El alcohol administrado sistémicamente es un antídoto que salva vidas y debe administrarse en un entorno clínico controlado (UCI).
- Efectos secundarios: Su mascota estará esencialmente "intoxicada" durante el tratamiento. Monitorearemos de cerca su sistema nervioso central, su respiración y su equilibrio de líquidos y electrolitos.
- Sensibilidad al tiempo: Este tratamiento es más efectivo cuando se inicia inmediatamente después de la ingestión de anticongelante o metanol.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.