Tiopental sódico
Thiopental Sodium
Thiopental sodium
También conocido como: Pentothal · Anesthal · Bensulf · Farmotal · Hipnopento · Inductal · Intraval · Nesdonal · Pensodital · Sandothal · Sodipental · Thionembutal · Thiopentax · Tiobarbital · Trapanal · Thiopentone sodium · natrium isopentylaethylthiobarbituricum · penthiobarbital sodique · thiomebumalnatrium cum natrii carbonate · thiopentalum natricum · thiopentobarbitalum solubile · tiopentol sodico
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 13.2-26.4 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on duration of anesthesia required | 🌎 NA |
| Brief anesthesia (7-10 minutes) | 15-17 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate anesthesia (10-15 minutes) | 18-22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Longer anesthesia (15-25 minutes) | 22-29 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (unpremedicated) | 22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after narcotic premedication) | 11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia induction | 12-15 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: One-third administered rapidly, additional amount to effect
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 13.2-26.4 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on duration of anesthesia required | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (unpremedicated) | 22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after narcotic premedication) | 11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia induction | 12-15 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: One-third administered rapidly, additional amount to effect
Pequeños mamíferos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia (Rabbits) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | to effect | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (Rabbits) | 10-12 mg/kg | IV | to effect | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Mice) | 50 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rats) | 40 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Hamsters/Gerbils) | 30-40 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Guinea pig) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rabbits) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia (with preanesthetic tranquilization) | 6-12 mg/kg (average 8.25 mg/kg) | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (without preanesthetic tranquilization) | 8.8-15.4 mg/kg (average 9.9-11 mg/kg) | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after xylazine or acepromazine) | 1 gram per 90 kg body weight as a 10% solution | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after sedation and guaifenesin) | 5.5 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 8.8-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia (after xylazine or acepromazine): Given evenly over 20 seconds, 15 minutes after premedication
Ganado
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 8.14-15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Deep surgical anesthesia (unweaned calves fasted 6-12h) | no more than 6.6 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (calves under 2 weeks of age) | 15-22 mg/kg | IV | once | 10-12 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after sedation and guaifenesin) | 5.5 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 8.8-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia (calves under 2 weeks of age): Administer slowly until complete muscular relaxation
Cerdos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 5.5-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (swine weighing 5-50 kg) | 10-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
Ovejas
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 9.9-15 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on depth required | 🌎 NA |
Cabras
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 20-22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia: Given after atropine (0.7 mg/kg) IM
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
El tiopental sódico es un tiobarbitúrico de acción ultracorta utilizado principalmente para la inducción de la anestesia general o como agente anestésico único para procedimientos muy breves.
Perlas clínicas:
- Cinética de redistribución: Su corta duración de acción (10-30 minutos) se debe a la rápida redistribución desde el SNC, altamente perfundido, hacia el músculo y el tejido adiposo, más que a un metabolismo rápido.
- Sensibilidad en lebreles (Sight Hounds): Los galgos y otros lebreles presentan recuperaciones prolongadas debido a diferencias en el manejo metabólico y a una menor cantidad de grasa corporal; generalmente se prefieren agentes de inducción alternativos (p. ej., propofol, alfaxalona o metohexital).
- Toxicidad tisular: Las soluciones de tiopental son altamente alcalinas (pH > 10). La extravasación perivascular causa irritación tisular grave y necrosis. Debe administrarse a través de un catéter IV seguro.
- Arritmogénico: Puede sensibilizar el miocardio a las catecolaminas, causando comúnmente bigeminismo ventricular transitorio en perros.
Mecanismo de acción
Thiopental is a highly lipid-soluble thiobarbiturate.
- Mechanism: It binds to the GABA_A receptor complex in the central nervous system.
- Pathway: Binding → increases the duration of chloride ion channel opening → enhances chloride influx → hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuronal membrane → profound CNS depression, hypnosis, and anesthesia.
- Due to its high lipid solubility, it rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, resulting in anesthesia within 15-30 seconds of IV injection.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Absence of suitable veins for IV administration (Absolute)
- History of hypersensitivity to barbiturates (Absolute)
- Status asthmaticus (Absolute)
- Preexisting leukopenia in horses
- Use with extreme caution or avoid in greyhounds and other sight hounds
- Relative: Severe cardiovascular disease, ventricular arrhythmias, shock, increased intracranial pressure, myasthenia gravis, severe hepatic disease
Efectos adversos
- Ventricular bigeminy (dogs)
- Apnea (especially in cats)
- Arterial hypotension
- Excitement and severe ataxia during recovery (horses, if used alone)
- Transient leukopenia and hyperglycemia (horses)
- Vascular dilatation and hypoglycemia (with rapid IV administration)
- Severe tissue necrosis (if administered perivascularly)
- Prolonged recovery with repeated doses
Precauciones
WARNING: Thiopental is highly alkaline. Extravasation and intra-arterial injections must be strictly avoided to prevent severe tissue necrosis and CNS toxicity.
- Sight Hounds: Greyhounds metabolize thiobarbiturates much more slowly; prolonged recoveries are common. Consider alternatives.
- Administration: Give strictly to effect. Repeated doses accumulate and significantly prolong recovery.
- Dilution: Do not use concentrations less than 2% in sterile water as they may cause hemolysis.
- Pregnancy: Readily crosses the placental barrier; use with caution (FDA Category C).
Interacciones farmacológicas
IV clonidine prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements by up to 37%
May enhance respiratory and CNS depressant effects
Potential for hypotension
Ventricular fibrillatory effects may be potentiated when used with thiobarbiturates and halothane
Given prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements
May potentiate hypnotic effects
Given prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements
May potentiate thiopental effects; hypotension possible
May displace thiopental from plasma proteins
Thiopental and sulfas may displace one another from plasma proteins
Monitorización
- Level of hypnosis/anesthesia
- Respiratory status (rate, depth, apnea)
- Cardiac status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Following IV injection, hypnosis and anesthesia occur within one minute (usually 15-30 seconds).
Distribución
Rapidly enters the CNS due to high lipid solubility, then redistributes to muscle and adipose tissue.
Metabolismo
Metabolized by the hepatic microsomal system into several metabolites.
Eliminación
Very little of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Elimination half-life in dogs is approximately 7 hours (3-4 hours in sheep).
Sobredosis
Treatment of thiobarbiturate overdosage consists of:
- Respiratory Support: Provide oxygen (O2) and mechanical ventilation.
- Cardiovascular Support: Provide IV fluids and supportive care.
Note: Do NOT use catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine) as they may induce fatal ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of thiobarbiturates.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Powder for injection: 2% (20 mg/mL)
- Powder for injection: 2.5% (25 mg/mL)
Veterinario
- None presently being marketed in USA
Etiquetado para humanos
- Thiopental Sodium Powder for Injection: 2% (20 mg/mL)
- Thiopental Sodium Powder for Injection: 2.5% (25 mg/mL)
Estado regulador
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Dry form is stable indefinitely. Reconstitute only with sterile water, normal saline, or D5W. Concentrations <2% in sterile water should not be used (may cause hemolysis). Reconstituted solutions are stable for 3 days at room temperature and 7 days refrigerated; however, use within 24 hours is recommended as no preservative is present. Do not administer if a precipitate is visible.
Información para el cliente
El tiopental es un agente anestésico inyectable utilizado exclusivamente en entornos hospitalarios por profesionales veterinarios.
- Monitoreo: Su mascota será monitoreada de cerca mientras esté bajo anestesia, incluyendo la frecuencia cardíaca, la respiración y la presión arterial.
- Recuperación: La recuperación de la anestesia puede tomar varias horas. Algunas razas, particularmente los galgos y otros lebreles, pueden experimentar tiempos de recuperación significativamente prolongados.
- Cuidados post-anestesia: Siga las instrucciones de su veterinario con respecto a la alimentación y la actividad una vez que su mascota regrese a casa.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.