Acepromacina
Acepromazine
Acepromazine maleate
También conocido como: PromAce · Aceproject · Aceprotabs · Plegicil · Notensil · Atravet · Acecare · ACP · Acetylpromazine maleate
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Evidencia posológica v13 auditada
Evidencia revisada no calculableEvidencia revisada no calculable (1)
Solo evidencia; no apta para cálculo automático
Tranquilization
a) Tranquilization: 0.25 – 0.75 mg/kg IM or SC 46 ; the lower to mid-range of the dosage is generally adequate.
Contexto clínico obligatorio (4)
- 1. Acepromazine does not provide analgesia; addition of an analgesic agent is required when pain relief is needed.
- All dosages are extra-label.
- Store tablets and injection protected from light at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F), with excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F-86°F). Tablets should be stored in tight containers. There is no limit to the number of vial punctures throughout the full expiry period. 1
- 2. Administer IV doses slowly; allow at least 15 minutes for onset of action. 1
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
Acepromacina es un agente neuroléptico de la familia de las fenotiazinas, clásico y ampliamente utilizado en medicina veterinaria, principalmente por sus propiedades fiables como tranquilizante y sedante.
Puntos clínicos clave:
- Sin analgesia: La acepromacina proporciona cero alivio del dolor. Debe combinarse con analgésicos apropiados (p. ej., opioides) para procedimientos dolorosos (neuroleptoanalgesia).
- Efectos cardiovasculares: Es un potente vasodilatador debido al bloqueo de los receptores alfa-1 adrenérgicos, lo que frecuentemente causa hipotensión. Debe evitarse en pacientes hipovolémicos, en estado de shock o hemodinámicamente inestables.
- Sensibilidad por razas: Las razas gigantes y los lebreles (p. ej., Greyhounds) son altamente sensibles. Los perros con la mutación del gen MDR1 (ABCB1) (p. ej., Collies, Australian Shepherds) requieren reducciones significativas de la dosis (25-50%).
- Consideraciones en equinos: Puede causar protrusión peneana prolongada o priapismo en sementales, lo que puede derivar en una parálisis permanente del músculo retractor del pene.
Aunque históricamente se ha utilizado para la ansiedad por viaje o fobias a ruidos, los especialistas en comportamiento veterinario modernos a menudo desaconsejan su uso como monoterapia para estas condiciones, ya que puede sedar al animal sin reducir el miedo o el pánico subyacente, lo que podría aumentar la sensibilidad al ruido.
Mecanismo de acción
Acepromazine exerts its effects through multiple receptor antagonisms:
- Dopamine (D2) Receptor Antagonism: Blocks postsynaptic D2 receptors in the CNS (specifically the basal ganglia and limbic system) → depresses the reticular activating system → produces sedation and tranquilization.
- Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonism: Blocks peripheral alpha-1 receptors → causes peripheral vasodilation → leads to hypotension and secondary hypothermia.
- Additional Blockade: Possesses varying degrees of anticholinergic (muscarinic), antihistaminic (H1), and antispasmodic effects.
- Antiemetic Effect: Blocks dopamine receptors in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ) of the medulla.
Clinical Pearl: Because of its alpha-blocking properties, administering epinephrine to an acepromazine-induced hypotensive patient can cause "epinephrine reversal" (unopposed beta-2 vasodilation), worsening the hypotension. Alpha-agonists like phenylephrine are preferred for treating severe acepromazine-induced hypotension.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Significant cardiac disease
- Hypovolemia, hypotension, or shock
- Tetanus or strychnine intoxication
- Intra-arterial injection in horses (can cause severe CNS excitement, seizures, death)
- Use with extreme caution in very young, geriatric, or debilitated animals
- Avoid in racing animals within 4 days of a race
Efectos adversos
- Hypotension and cardiovascular collapse
- Bradycardia (vagally mediated) or reflex tachycardia
- Hypothermia or hyperthermia
- Penile protrusion/prolapse in large animals (especially stallions)
- Prolapse of the membrana nictitans (third eyelid)
- Decreased tear production (especially in cats)
- Paradoxical excitement, restlessness, or aggression
- Transient pain at IM injection sites
- Decreased hematocrit (due to splenic sequestration of RBCs)
Precauciones
Dosage Adjustments: The manufacturer's labeled dose is often considered up to 10 times higher than clinically necessary. Use lower end of dose ranges.
Breed Sensitivities:
- MDR1 Mutation: Dogs with the MDR1 (ABCB1) mutation (Collies, Australian Shepherds, etc.) require a 25% dose reduction if heterozygous, and a 30-50% reduction if homozygous.
- Giant Breeds & Sight Hounds: Extremely sensitive; require lower doses.
- Terriers: May be somewhat resistant to effects.
Administration: Give IV injections slowly. Allow at least 15 minutes for onset of action. Never inject intra-arterially in horses.
Behavioral: Use cautiously as a restraining agent in aggressive dogs; it may make the animal more prone to startle and react to noises.
Other: May cause regurgitation of ruminal contents in cattle during general anesthesia induction.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Possible increased risk for hypothermia
May cause reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
May cause reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
May cause additive CNS depression if used with acepromazine
Acepromazine may impair the vasopressive action of dopamine
Acepromazine may reduce the effectiveness of emetics
Concomitant use can lead to unopposed beta-activity causing vasodilation and increased cardiac rate (epinephrine reversal)
May increase risks for extrapyramidal adverse effects
May enhance hypotensive effects; dosages of acepromazine are generally reduced when used with an opiate
Effects may be potentiated; do not give within one month of worming with these agents
Metabolism may be decreased if given concurrently
Activity may be enhanced by phenothiazines
Increased blood levels of both drugs may result
May cause additive cardiac depression
Additive CNS depression; doses of other anaesthetic drugs should be reduced when ACP is used for premedication
Unopposed beta activity causing severe vasodilation and tachycardia (due to ACP's alpha-adrenergic blockade)
Reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
Monitorización
- Cardiac rate, rhythm, and blood pressure (especially in compromised patients)
- Degree of tranquilization and sedation
- Male horses: Monitor to ensure the penis retracts and is not injured
- Body temperature (especially if ambient temperature is very hot or cold)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Onset of action is fairly slow, requiring up to 15 minutes following IV administration, with peak effects seen in 30-60 minutes.
Distribución
Fairly high volume of distribution (6.6 L/kg in horses), and is more than 99% protein bound.
Metabolismo
Metabolized in the liver.
Eliminación
Both conjugated and unconjugated metabolites are eliminated in the urine. Metabolites may be found in equine urine up to 96 hours after dosing.
Sobredosis
The LD50 in mice is 61 mg/kg IV and 257 mg/kg PO. Dogs have survived oral dosages up to 220 mg/kg, but overdoses can cause serious hypotension, CNS depression, pulmonary edema, and hyperemia.
Clinical Signs of Toxicity:
- Dogs: Ataxia, sedation, lethargy, depression, protrusion of the third eyelid, somnolence, bradycardia, and recumbency.
- Cats: Sedation, ataxia, lethargy, protrusion of the third eyelid, and depression.
Treatment:
- Because of relatively low toxicity, most overdoses are handled by monitoring and symptomatic treatment.
- Massive oral overdoses should be treated by emptying the gut if possible.
- Hypotension: Should not be treated initially with fluids. If fluids fail to maintain BP, use alpha-adrenergic pressor agents (e.g., phenylephrine). Note: Avoid epinephrine due to the risk of "epinephrine reversal" causing further vasodilation.
- Seizures: May be controlled with barbiturates or diazepam.
- CNS Depression: Doxapram has been suggested as an antagonist to the CNS depressant effects.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Injection: 10 mg/mL
- Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg
Veterinario
- Acepromazine Maleate for Injection: 10 mg/mL in 50 mL vials (PromAce, generic)
- Acepromazine Maleate Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg & 25 mg (PromAce, generic)
Estado regulador
Classified as POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine - Veterinarian)
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Store protected from light. Tablets should be stored in tight containers. Acepromazine injection should be kept from freezing. Stable and efficacious for at least 180 days after mixing with ketamine and xylazine if stored at room temperature in the dark.
Información para el cliente
- Decoloración de la orina: Este medicamento puede cambiar temporalmente el color de la orina de su mascota a un tono rosado o marrón rojizo; esto es un efecto secundario normal y no es motivo de alarma.
- No es un analgésico: La acepromacina proporciona sedación pero no alivia el dolor. Si su mascota se somete a un procedimiento doloroso, se necesitarán otros medicamentos.
- Mantenga un ambiente tranquilo: Aunque su mascota parezca adormilada, aún puede asustarse con ruidos fuertes o movimientos repentinos y puede reaccionar de forma impredecible. Manténgala en un ambiente tranquilo y calmado mientras el efecto del fármaco desaparece.
- Tercer párpado: Es posible que note que el "tercer párpado" (una membrana en la esquina interna del ojo) cubre parte del ojo. Esto es normal y se resolverá a medida que el efecto del medicamento disminuya.
- Regulatorio: Aprobado por la FDA para su uso en perros, gatos y caballos no destinados al consumo humano.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.