Aminofilina / Teofilina
Aminophylline / Theophylline
1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione (Theophylline); Theophylline ethylenediamine (Aminophylline)
También conocido como: Theochron · Theo-Cap · Theo-24 · Uniphyl · Bronkodyl · Elixophyllin · Theo-Dur · Slo-Bid · aminofilina · aminophyllinum · euphyllinum · metaphyllin · theophylline and ethylenediamine · theophylline ethylenediamine compound · theophyllinum ethylenediaminum · anhydrous theophylline · teofillina
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchodilation (Extended-Release) | 10 mg/kg PO every 12 hours initially, if no adverse effects are observed and the desired clinical effect is not achieved, give 15 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Tracheal collapse (mild clinical signs, <50% collapse) | 11 mg/kg PO, IM or IV three times daily. | PO/IM/IV | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Severe, acute pulmonary edema and bronchoconstriction | Aminophylline 4-8 mg/kg IV or IM, or 6-10 mg/kg PO every 8 hours. | IV/IM/PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Cough | Aminophylline: 10 mg/kg PO, IV three times daily | PO/IV | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Collapsing trachea (bronchodilator) | 11 mg/kg PO or IV q6-12h | PO/IV | q6-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Bronchodilation (Extended-Release): Using Theochron Extended-Release Tablets or Theo-Cap Extended-Release Capsules
- Tracheal collapse (mild clinical signs, <50% collapse): Aminophylline
- Severe, acute pulmonary edema and bronchoconstriction: Long-term use is not recommended.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchodilation (Extended-Release) | 20 mg/kg PO once daily in the PM; using Slo-Bid: 25 mg/kg PO once daily in the PM | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Bronchodilation | 6.6. mg/kg PO twice daily; using sustained release tablets (Theo-Dur): 25-50 mg (total dose) per cat PO in the evening | PO | q12h or q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Tracheal collapse (mild clinical signs, <50% collapse) | aminophylline: 5 mg/kg PO, two times daily. | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Bronchoconstriction associated with fulminant CHF | Aminophylline 4-8 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q8-12h. | SC/IM/IV | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Cough | Aminophylline: 5 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Bronchodilation (Extended-Release): Products Theo-Dur and Slo-Bid are no longer available in the USA. Cautious use of dog dose/products is a reasonable alternative.
- Bronchodilation: Using aminophylline tablets or sustained release tablets
Hurones
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchodilation | 4.25 mg/kg PO 2-3 times a day | PO | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary edema | Aminophylline 2-7 mg/kg IV q6-12h; Theophylline 5-15 mg/kg PO q12h | IV/PO | q6-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Pulmonary edema | 11 mg/kg PO or IV q8-12h. | PO/IV | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Heaves (RAO) | Aminophylline: 5-10 mg/kg PO or IV twice daily. | PO/IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Heaves (RAO) | Aminophylline: 4-6 mg/kg PO three times a day. | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Pulmonary edema: IV aminophylline should be diluted in at least 100 mL of D5W or normal saline and administered slowly (not >25 mg/min).
- Pulmonary edema: To 'load' may either double the initial dose or give both oral and IV dose at the same time. IV infusion in ~1L fluids over 20-60 mins.
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
La aminofilina y la teofilina son derivados de las metilxantinas utilizados principalmente en medicina veterinaria por sus potentes efectos broncodilatadores. Se emplean frecuentemente en el manejo de enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores (como el asma felina, la obstrucción recurrente de las vías respiratorias en equinos y la bronquitis canina), el colapso traqueal y como terapia adyuvante para el edema pulmonar cardiogénico.
Perla clínica: La aminofilina es esencialmente una sal de teofilina soluble en agua, creada mediante la adición de etilendiamina. 100 mg de aminofilina hidratada contienen aproximadamente 79 mg de teofilina anhidra. Las conversiones de dosis deben calcularse cuidadosamente al cambiar entre ambas formas.
Aunque son altamente efectivas, estos fármacos poseen un índice terapéutico estrecho. La toxicidad es dependiente de la dosis, aunque los perros y gatos generalmente toleran concentraciones séricas más altas que los humanos. Debido a la variabilidad significativa en el metabolismo entre pacientes, se recomienda encarecidamente el monitoreo terapéutico de fármacos, especialmente en pacientes con enfermedad hepática o cardíaca concurrente.
Mecanismo de acción
The primary mechanism of action involves the competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes.
- PDE Inhibition → Decreased breakdown of cyclic AMP (cAMP) → Elevated intracellular cAMP levels.
- Increased cAMP → Enhanced release of endogenous epinephrine → Relaxation of bronchial and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle.
- Elevated cAMP also inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from mast cells.
- Intracellular Calcium Translocation: Methylxanthines alter intracellular ionized calcium dynamics, contributing to increased diaphragmatic contractility (reducing respiratory fatigue) and weak positive inotropic/chronotropic effects on the heart.
- Additional Effects: Induces mild diuresis, stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory centers, and increases gastric acid secretion.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Hypersensitivity to any xanthines (including theobromine or caffeine)
- Hypersensitivity to ethylenediamine (specific to aminophylline)
Efectos adversos
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Insomnia / Restlessness
- Polyphagia (increased appetite)
- Polydipsia and polyuria (increased thirst and urination)
- Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
- Nervousness, excitability, and tremors (especially in horses)
- Diaphoresis (sweating in horses)
- Ataxia
- Seizures (in severe toxicity)
- Cardiac dysrhythmias (in severe toxicity)
Precauciones
Use with extreme caution in patients with severe cardiac disease, seizure disorders, gastric ulcers, hyperthyroidism, renal or hepatic disease, severe hypoxia, or severe hypertension.
- Arrhythmias: May cause or worsen preexisting cardiac arrhythmias; enhanced monitoring is required.
- Clearance Issues: Neonatal, geriatric, and congestive heart failure (CHF) patients may have decreased clearance and prolonged half-lives, making them more susceptible to toxicity.
- Dosing Weight: Because of low lipid solubility and low volume of distribution, obese patients should be dosed based on lean body weight.
- IM Injection: Aminophylline causes intense local pain when administered IM and is rarely recommended via this route.
Interacciones farmacológicas
May decrease theophylline levels via hepatic enzyme induction.
Can significantly increase theophylline levels. Consider reducing theophylline dose by 30% and monitor for toxicity.
Can increase theophylline levels.
Can increase theophylline levels by inhibiting hepatic metabolism.
Concurrent use can cause an increased incidence of seizures.
Concurrent use may cause an increased incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias.
Toxic synergism; can lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias.
Can increase theophylline levels and antagonize bronchodilatory effects.
Can increase theophylline levels.
Monitorización
- Therapeutic efficacy (improvement in breathing/cough)
- Clinical signs of toxicity (GI upset, CNS stimulation, tachycardia)
- Serum trough levels at steady state (Target: >8-10 mcg/mL in small animals; do not exceed 15 mcg/mL in horses. Human therapeutic range is 10-20 mcg/mL)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Nearly 100% bioavailable after oral administration of non-sustained release products. Sustained-release products have variable bioavailability ranging from 30-76%.
Distribución
Distributes throughout extracellular fluids and body tissues. Crosses the placenta and distributes into milk (70% of serum levels). Low plasma protein binding (7-14% in dogs). Volume of distribution: dogs 0.82 L/kg, cats 0.46 L/kg, horses 0.85-1.02 L/kg.
Metabolismo
Metabolized primarily in the liver to 3-methylxanthine, which possesses weak bronchodilatory activity.
Eliminación
Renal clearance contributes only about 10% to overall plasma clearance.
Sobredosis
Clinical signs of toxicity are usually associated with serum levels greater than 20 mcg/mL in humans, though dogs appear to tolerate higher levels.
Life-threatening signs:
- Tachycardia and severe cardiac arrhythmias
- CNS effects including seizures and hyperthermia
Treatment is supportive:
- Decontamination: Empty the gut, administer activated charcoal and a cathartic if oral ingestion was recent.
- Seizures: Maintain an adequate airway and treat with IV diazepam.
- Monitoring: Continuous ECG monitoring for arrhythmias. Monitor and correct fluid/electrolyte imbalances.
- Symptomatic Care: Hyperthermia may be treated with phenothiazines; severe tachycardia may be treated with propranolol if life-threatening.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Tablets (immediate and extended-release)
- Capsules (extended-release)
- Injection (solution)
- Oral elixir/solution
- Compounded oral suspension
Etiquetado para humanos
- Aminophylline Tablets: 100 mg & 200 mg
- Aminophylline Injection: 250 mg/10 mL (25 mg/mL)
- Theophylline Extended-Release Capsules and Tablets: 100 mg, 125 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, & 600 mg
- Theophylline Tablets and Capsules: 100 mg, 200 mg, & 300 mg
- Theophylline Elixir: 80 mg/15 mL
- Theophylline & Dextrose Injection: Various concentrations (0.4 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL)
Estado regulador
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Store oral products in tight, light-resistant containers at room temperature. Aminophylline injection should be stored below 30°C, protected from freezing and light. Do not inject solutions that contain a precipitate or visible crystals. Compounded oral suspensions should be protected from light and kept at room temperature (refrigeration causes precipitation).
Información para el cliente
Este medicamento se utiliza para ayudar a abrir las vías respiratorias de su mascota y facilitar la respiración.
- Administración: Administre exactamente como lo recetó su veterinario. No omita dosis. Si utiliza tabletas o cápsulas de liberación prolongada, no las triture ni permita que su mascota las mastique a menos que su veterinario le indique específicamente lo contrario.
- Efectos secundarios: Puede ocurrir malestar estomacal leve, aumento de la sed/micción o una ligera inquietud al comenzar el medicamento, pero a menudo estos síntomas desaparecen.
- Cuándo llamar al veterinario: Comuníquese con su veterinario de inmediato si nota vómitos severos, inquietud extrema, temblores musculares, respiración rápida o convulsiones, ya que estos pueden ser signos de una sobredosis.
- Dieta: Evite darle a su mascota chocolate o cafeína, ya que contienen compuestos similares y pueden aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.