Cloruro de potasio / Gluconato de potasio
Potassium Chloride / Potassium Gluconate
Potassium chloride (KCl), Potassium gluconate
También conocido como: Tumil-K · Renakare · Potassiject · Cal-Dextro K · K-G Elixir · Kaon · Kaylixir · Potasoral · Sopa-K · Ultra-K · KCl · cloreto de potassio · E508 · kalii chloridum · kalium chloratum · E577
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Intravenous replacement | Rate not to exceed 0.5 mEq/hour. Concentration of replacement fluid should exceed 60 mEq/L. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-44 mEq/day depending on body size | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Maintenance IV fluid supplementation | 0.05-0.1 mEq/kg/hour to 0.5 mEq/kg/hour | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L): Can use commercially available oral supplement tablets and elixirs diluted in water.
- Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia: Amounts exceeding >10 mEq/hour to a small animal (<10 kg) can be life-threatening via central line.
- Intravenous replacement: Begin oral supplementation as soon as possible.
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
- Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+: Higher rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour require continuous ECG monitoring.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-4 mEq/day | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counteract potassium depletion in a completely anorectic horse | IV fluids should be supplemented with KCL (at least 50 mEq/hour) | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia with diarrhea | Hypertonic oral KCL pastes | PO | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
Ganado
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypokalemia in 'downer' cows | 80 grams sodium chloride and 20 grams potassium chloride in 10 liters of water via stomach tube. Provide a bucket containing similar solution for cow to drink and another containing fresh water. | PO | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia maintenance/treatment | 50 grams PO daily; 1 mEq/kg/hour IV drip | PO/IV | Daily/Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Severe hypokalemia (<2.3 mEq/L) with severe muscle weakness or recumbency | Isotonic potassium chloride (11.5 grams of potassium chloride per 1 liter of sterile water) at a rate of 4 mL/kg/hour. Combined with large doses of oral potassium salts (i.e., 200 grams of KCl per day). | IV/PO | Continuous/Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
El potasio es un electrolito intracelular crítico esencial para la vida. Desempeña un papel vital en el mantenimiento de los potenciales de membrana en reposo celular, particularmente en tejidos excitables como el corazón, el músculo esquelético y el músculo liso.
Perlas clínicas:
- La hipopotasemia (potasio bajo) es una complicación común de la enfermedad renal crónica (especialmente en gatos), la diuresis agresiva, la cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) y las pérdidas gastrointestinales graves.
- El gluconato de potasio suele preferirse para la suplementación oral, ya que es menos irritante para el tracto gastrointestinal y proporciona un efecto alcalinizante leve.
- El cloruro de potasio (KCl) es el estándar para la suplementación intravenosa, pero siempre debe diluirse antes de su administración para prevenir arritmias fatales.
- El agotamiento total de potasio corporal puede ser grave incluso si los niveles séricos parecen normales, especialmente en presencia de alteraciones ácido-base (la acidosis desplaza el potasio al espacio extracelular).
Mecanismo de acción
Potassium is the principal intracellular cation in the body. It works primarily via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to maintain the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes.
- Maintains cellular tonicity and resting membrane potential → essential for nerve impulse transmission.
- Regulates smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle contraction.
- Acts as a crucial cofactor in carbohydrate utilization and protein synthesis.
- Essential for the maintenance of normal renal function.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Hyperkalemia
- Renal failure or severe renal impairment
- Severe hemolytic reactions
- Untreated Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
- Acute dehydration
- GI motility impairment (for solid oral dosage forms)
Efectos adversos
- Hyperkalemia (muscle weakness, cardiac conduction disturbances)
- Gastrointestinal distress (vomiting, diarrhea) with oral therapy
- Vein irritation and phlebitis with IV therapy
Precauciones
CRITICAL WARNING: Intravenous potassium salts MUST be diluted before administering and given slowly. Rapid IV administration can cause fatal cardiac arrest.
- Maximum standard IV rate: Generally should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. In dire circumstances (<2.0 mEq/L), rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour may be used only with continuous ECG monitoring.
- Assess renal and cardiac function prior to therapy.
- Acid-base balance masks the actual potassium picture: acidosis causes a false elevation (shifts K+ out of cells), while alkalosis causes a falsely low serum value.
- Supplementation should generally occur over 3-5 days to allow equilibration between extracellular and intracellular fluids.
- Use cautiously in digitalized patients.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
In patients with severe or complete heart block receiving digitalis therapy, it is often recommended not to use potassium salts.
Oral potassium given with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects.
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
Monitorización
- Serum potassium levels
- Other electrolytes (sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium)
- Acid/base status
- Blood glucose
- ECG (especially during IV administration)
- CBC
- Urinalysis and renal function parameters
Farmacocinética
Absorción
Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally.
Distribución
Approximately 98% of total body potassium is found in the intracellular fluid space, while only 2% is in the extracellular fluid space. Plasma pH alters distribution: acidosis shifts potassium out of the intracellular space, and alkalosis shifts potassium into the intracellular space.
Metabolismo
Potassium is an elemental ion and is not metabolized.
Eliminación
Primarily (80-90%) excreted via the kidneys, with the majority of the remainder excreted in the feces. Very small amounts may be excreted in perspiration (in animals with sweat glands).
Sobredosis
Fatal hyperkalemia may develop if potassium salts are administered too rapidly IV or if potassium renal excretory mechanisms are impaired.
Clinical Signs of Hyperkalemia:
- Muscular weakness
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Severe cardiac conduction disturbances (bradycardia, atrial standstill, ventricular fibrillation, asystole)
Treatment of Hyperkalemia:
- Immediate discontinuation of the potassium supplement.
- Continuous ECG, acid/base, and electrolyte monitoring.
- Medical interventions: Glucose/insulin infusions (drives K+ into cells), sodium bicarbonate (alkalinization drives K+ into cells), calcium therapy (cardioprotective, antagonizes K+ effects on the heart), and polystyrene sulfonate resin (binds K+ in the GI tract).
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Intravenous injection concentrate
- Oral tablets
- Oral powder
- Oral gel
- Oral liquid/elixir
Veterinario
- Potassium Chloride IV Solution: 2 mEq (149 mg) in 10 mL vials (Potassiject)
- Potassium Gluconate Tablets: 2 mEq (468 mg) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Oral Powder: 2 mEq per 0.65 gram (1/4 tsp) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Gel: 2 mEq per 2.34 grams (1/2 tsp) (Tumil-K Gel, Renakare)
Etiquetado para humanos
- Potassium Chloride for Injection Concentrate: 2 mEq/mL in various vial sizes (Must be diluted)
- Potassium Chloride Tablets, controlled/sustained release tablets and capsules
- Potassium Chloride effervescent tablets, liquids, and powders
Estado regulador
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Potassium gluconate oral products and potassium chloride products should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers at room temperature (15-30°C). Protect potassium chloride solutions from freezing.
Información para el cliente
Importante: Nunca administre suplementos de potasio para humanos a su mascota sin la aprobación explícita de su veterinario, ya que la dosificación es altamente específica y las sobredosis pueden ser fatales.
- Administración: Mezcle bien los polvos, geles o líquidos orales con la comida de su mascota para prevenir malestar estomacal y mejorar la palatabilidad.
- Rechazo a comer: Si su mascota se niega a comer el alimento medicado, contacte a su veterinario. No fuerce la alimentación ni duplique la siguiente dosis.
- Monitoreo: Observe si hay signos de debilidad muscular, letargo severo, vómitos o diarrea. Contacte a su veterinario inmediatamente si estos ocurren.
- Mantenga todos los suplementos de potasio fuera del alcance de niños y otras mascotas.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.