Rifampicina
Rifampin
Rifampicin (semi-synthetic zwitterion derivative of rifamycin B)
También conocido como: Rifadin · Rimactane · Ba-41166/E · L-5103 · NSC-113926 · rifaldazine · rifampicinum · rifamycin AMP · Rifampin
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination therapy of atypical Mycobacteria infections; treatment of resistant Staph endocarditis | 10-20 mg/kg PO q8-12h | PO | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Alternate treatment for scarred pyogranulomatous pyoderma | 5-10 mg/kg PO q24h | PO | q24h | 4-8 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Actinomycosis | 10-20 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (e.g., mycobacteriosis, resistant staphylococcal pyoderma, ehrlichiosis) | 10-15 mg/kg | PO | q24h | Duration depends on the specific infection being treated | 🌍 EU |
- Combination therapy of atypical Mycobacteria infections; treatment of resistant Staph endocarditis: In combination with amoxicillin/clavulanate or trimethoprim/sulfa
- Alternate treatment for scarred pyogranulomatous pyoderma: Must be used with another antibiotic to reduce risk for resistance development (e.g., cephalexin or a potentiated sulfonamide). Monitor CBC, liver screens, and UA every 2 to 3 weeks.
- Susceptible infections (e.g., mycobacteriosis, resistant staphylococcal pyoderma, ehrlichiosis): Must be used in combination with other antimicrobial drugs to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections (e.g., mycobacteriosis, Rhodococcus equi, chlamydiosis, bartonellosis) | 10-15 mg/kg | PO | q24h | Duration depends on the specific infection being treated | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections (e.g., mycobacteriosis, Rhodococcus equi, chlamydiosis, bartonellosis): Must be used in combination with other antimicrobial drugs to prevent the emergence of resistant organisms.
Aves
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of mycobacteriosis | 45 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of mycobacteriosis: In combination with ethambutol (30 mg/kg PO once daily) and one of the following: clofazimine (6 mg/kg PO once daily) or isoniazid (30 mg/kg PO once daily).
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of Rhodococcus equi (C. equi) infections in foals | 5 mg/kg PO two times daily | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of Rhodococcus equi (C. equi) infections in foals | 5 mg/kg PO two times daily or 10 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | q12h or q24h | 4-9 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in foals | 10 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | q24h | minimum of 21 days | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of Rhodococcus equi (C. equi) infections in foals: With erythromycin 15-25 mg/kg, PO q12-24h. Clarithromycin may be superior due to erythromycin side effects.
- Treatment of Rhodococcus equi (C. equi) infections in foals: With erythromycin 25 mg/kg, PO q6-8h.
- Treatment of proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in foals: In combination with erythromycin estolate (25 mg/kg PO q6-8h)
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
La rifampicina es un agente antimicrobiano semisintético altamente lipofílico que pertenece a la clase de las rifamicinas. Es una terapia fundamental en medicina veterinaria para el tratamiento de infecciones profundas e intracelulares, más notablemente Rhodococcus equi en potros.
Debido a su capacidad excepcional para penetrar material caseoso, hueso, abscesos y macrófagos, es altamente efectiva contra patógenos intracelulares como Mycobacterium spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Lawsonia intracellularis. También posee cierta actividad antifúngica y antiviral a altas concentraciones.
Perla Clínica: La rifampicina nunca debe utilizarse como monoterapia. Las bacterias pueden desarrollar resistencia rápidamente mediante una mutación de un solo paso. Siempre se prescribe en combinación con otros antimicrobianos (por ejemplo, macrólidos como eritromicina o claritromicina en caballos, o cefalosporinas/sulfonamidas en perros).
Mecanismo de acción
Rifampin can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration and the susceptibility of the target organism.
- Target: It binds strongly to the beta subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
- Pathway: Binding inhibits the enzyme → suppresses the initiation of chain formation for RNA synthesis → halts bacterial protein production → cell death.
- Selectivity: Rifampin is highly selective for bacterial enzymes and does not inhibit mammalian RNA polymerase, providing a wide margin of safety for the host.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Hypersensitivity to rifampin or other rifamycins
- Use with extreme caution in patients with preexisting hepatic dysfunction
- Pregnancy (teratogenic at high doses)
- Pre-existing liver disease or hepatic dysfunction
Efectos adversos
- Red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids (urine, tears, sweat, saliva)
- Gastrointestinal distress (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea)
- Elevated liver enzymes and potential hepatotoxicity
- Rashes and erythema (noted in cats and humans)
- In horses (especially with macrolides): mild diarrhea to severe enterocolitis, hyperthermia, and acute respiratory distress
- Intravenous use in horses (rare): CNS depression, sweating, hemolysis, anorexia
- Elevated serum hepatic enzymes
- Clinical hepatitis
- Orange-red discoloration of urine, saliva, tears, and feces
- Gastrointestinal upset (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea)
Precauciones
Use with caution in patients with preexisting hepatic dysfunction; dosage reduction may be necessary. Never use as a monotherapy due to the rapid development of bacterial resistance. Rifampin is a potent inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymes, which can significantly alter the metabolism of concurrently administered drugs. It is excreted in maternal milk; use with caution in nursing veterinary patients. May cause false-positive BSP (bromosulfophthalein) test results and interfere with microbiologic assays of serum folate and vitamin B12.
Interacciones farmacológicas
In vitro antagonism has been reported; concurrent use should be avoided.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic microsomal enzyme induction by rifampin.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Decreased serum levels and shortened half-life due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Increased rate of metabolism of theophylline due to hepatic enzyme induction.
Increased rate of metabolism of itraconazole due to hepatic enzyme induction, leading to subtherapeutic antifungal levels.
Monitorización
- Clinical efficacy and resolution of infection
- Liver function tests (especially with long-term therapy)
- Chest radiographs and plasma fibrinogen levels (prognostic indicators for C. equi infections in foals after 1 week of therapy)
- Baseline and periodic serum hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin)
- Clinical signs of hepatitis (icterus, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Relatively well absorbed from the GI tract. Oral bioavailability is about 40-70% in horses and 37% in adult sheep. Concurrent food administration may delay and slightly reduce peak plasma levels.
Distribución
Very lipophilic. Readily penetrates most body tissues (including bone and prostate), cells, and fluids (including CSF). Uniquely penetrates abscesses and caseous material. 70-90% bound to serum proteins. Distributes into milk and crosses the placenta. Volume of distribution is ~0.9 L/kg in horses and 1.3 L/kg in sheep.
Metabolismo
Metabolized in the liver to a deacetylated form that retains antibacterial activity. Rifampin induces hepatic microsomal enzymes, meaning elimination rates may increase over time with repeated dosing (auto-induction).
Eliminación
Both the active metabolite and unchanged drug are excreted primarily in the bile, but up to 30% may be excreted in the urine. The parent drug undergoes substantial enterohepatic recirculation, but the metabolite does not.
Sobredosis
Clinical signs of oral rifampin overdose are generally extensions of its adverse effects, including gastrointestinal distress, orange-red coloring of fluids, and skin erythema (noted particularly in cats).
Massive overdoses carry a significant risk of hepatotoxicity. Dogs may exhibit central nervous system depression.
Treatment:
- Empty the gut following standard decontamination protocols for massive oral overdosage.
- Monitor liver enzymes closely.
- Initiate supportive treatment as necessary.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Oral capsules
- Lyophilized powder for injection
- 150 mg capsule
- 300 mg capsule
- 20 mg/ml syrup
Etiquetado para humanos
- Rifampin Oral Capsules: 150 mg & 300 mg (Rifadin®, Rimactane®, generic)
- Rifampin Lyophilized Powder for Injection Solution: 600 mg (Rifadin®, generic)
- Rifadin 150 mg capsules
- Rifadin 300 mg capsules
- Rifadin 20 mg/ml syrup
- Rimactane capsules
Estado regulador
Human authorized products used under the prescribing cascade. Rifamycins are critically important antimicrobials.
POM (Prescription Only Medicine). Used under the cascade.
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Rifampin capsules should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers, preferably at room temperature (15-30°C).
Información para el cliente
- Decoloración inofensiva: Es probable que este medicamento haga que la orina, las lágrimas, el sudor y la saliva de su mascota se tornen de un color rojo anaranjado. Esto es completamente normal e inofensivo, pero tenga en cuenta que puede manchar permanentemente telas, alfombras o pelajes de colores claros.
- Administración: Para una mejor absorción, administre este medicamento con el estómago vacío. Si causa malestar estomacal, puede administrarlo con un pequeño premio.
- Terapia combinada: La rifampicina casi siempre se prescribe junto con otro antibiótico. Es fundamental administrar ambos medicamentos exactamente como se indica y completar todo el tratamiento. Nunca lo suspenda antes de tiempo, ya que las bacterias pueden volverse resistentes a la rifampicina rápidamente.
- Qué observar: Comuníquese con su veterinario si nota diarrea severa, pérdida de apetito, letargo extremo o coloración amarillenta en los ojos/encías (ictericia), ya que estos podrían ser signos de estrés hepático.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.