Tiletamina / Zolazepam
Tiletamine / Zolazepam
Tiletamine hydrochloride / Zolazepam hydrochloride
También conocido como: Telazol · CI-634 · CL-399 · CN-54521-2 · CI-716
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Dosis por especie
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
Perros
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic purposes | 6.6-9.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Minor procedures of short duration | 9.9-13.2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation | 1-2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Diagnostic purposes: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Minor procedures of short duration: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
- Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation: Only if insufficient sedation from opioid, higher dose medetomidine, and midazolam.
Gatos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal | 9.7-11.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration) | 10.6-12.5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy | 14.3-15.8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration): Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
Pequeños mamíferos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 20 mg/kg IP (in combination with xylazine 10 mg/kg) | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Mice) | 80-100 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rats) | 20-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Hamsters/Gerbils) | 20-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Guinea pig) | 10-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Chinchillas) | 20-40 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization/anesthesia (Hamsters) | 50-80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 10-30 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Mice) | 80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Light anesthesia (Rats) | 40 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Guinea pigs) | 40-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents) | 6-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents): Advantages: better muscle relaxation, small volume, rapid induction. Disadvantages: increased secretions, variable recovery.
Hurones
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg IM combined with glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) plus butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Sedative/analgesic: Rapid onset, but slow and rough recovery (3-4 hours)
- Sedative/analgesic: Telazol alone
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
Aves
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia/Restraint (Ratites) | 5 mg/kg | IM/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
Reptiles
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes) | 3 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Crocodilians) | 4-8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia | 3-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation for minor procedures | 4-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation | 5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes): Administer 30-45 minutes prior to handling. Sedation may persist for up to 48 hours.
- General anesthesia: Lizards/snakes generally lower end; chelonians may require high end. Monitor closely for apnea.
- Sedation for minor procedures: At higher doses (15-40 mg/kg), recovery may be greatly prolonged.
- Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation: Repeat if needed. Higher doses (6 mg/kg) associated with very long recovery times, especially in chelonians (72 hours).
Caballos
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia induction | Xylazine 1.1 mg/kg IV, 5 minutes prior to Telazol at 1.65-2.2 mg/kg IV | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: ARCI UCGFS Class 2 Drug
Ganado
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent for cattle, llamas/alpacas | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Restraint/Anesthesia (Llamas) | 4.7-6 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
Ovejas
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Induction agent: Caution: xylazine can cause severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema in sheep.
Cabras
| Indicación | Dosis | Vía | Frecuencia | Duración | Región |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
Tiletamina/Zolazepam (conocido comúnmente por el nombre comercial Telazol®) es una combinación de anestésico inyectable y tranquilizante ampliamente utilizada en medicina veterinaria. Está formulado en una proporción 1:1 de dos agentes farmacológicos distintos:
- Tiletamina: Un anestésico disociativo químicamente relacionado con la ketamina, que proporciona una analgesia y amnesia profundas.
- Zolazepam: Un tranquilizante menor del grupo de las benzodiazepinas (diazepinona) que proporciona relajación muscular, ansiólisis y contrarresta la rigidez muscular y el potencial convulsivo típicamente asociados con los anestésicos disociativos.
Aunque está oficialmente aprobado por la FDA para su uso en perros y gatos para la inmovilización, procedimientos menores y anestesia, se utiliza ampliamente fuera de etiqueta en una gran variedad de especies, incluyendo caballos, rumiantes, cerdos, aves, reptiles y especies exóticas/silvestres.
Perla clínica: La duración del efecto de los dos componentes varía según la especie. En perros, la tiletamina dura más que el zolazepam, lo que lleva a una duración de la tranquilización más corta que la de la anestesia (recuperaciones potencialmente más bruscas). En gatos, el zolazepam dura más que la tiletamina, lo que resulta en un período más largo de tranquilización durante la recuperación.
Mecanismo de acción
The combination works synergistically through two distinct central nervous system pathways:
- Tiletamine acts as a non-competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. By blocking the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate at the NMDA receptor → it prevents calcium influx into neurons → inducing a state of dissociative anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, profound somatic analgesia, and amnesia, while maintaining cranial nerve reflexes (e.g., palpebral, laryngeal).
- Zolazepam acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist. It binds to the benzodiazepine site on the GABA-A receptor complex → enhances the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA → increases chloride ion influx → resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. This provides muscle relaxation, anxiolysis, and anticonvulsant effects, smoothing the induction and recovery phases of the dissociative anesthetic.
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Pancreatic disease
- Severe cardiac disease
- Severe pulmonary disease
- Rabbits (due to reports of renal toxicity/nephrosis)
- Large exotic cats, especially tigers (may cause seizures, permanent neurologic abnormalities, or death)
- Cesarean section (crosses placenta, causes fetal respiratory depression)
Efectos adversos
- Respiratory depression and transient apnea
- Pain upon IM injection (especially in cats due to low pH)
- Athetoid movements (involuntary writhing/twitching)
- Tachycardia (especially in dogs)
- Emesis during emergence
- Excessive salivation and bronchial/tracheal secretions
- Vocalization and erratic/prolonged recovery
- Hypothermia
- Muscle rigidity or hypertonia
- Hypertension or hypotension
- Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, or cardiac arrest (rare/at high doses)
Precauciones
Renal Dysfunction: Animals with renal disease may experience prolonged duration of anesthetic action or recovery times. Dosages may need reduction in geriatric or debilitated patients.
Hypothermia: May cause significant hypothermia. Susceptible animals (small body surface area, low ambient temperatures) must be monitored carefully and provided supplemental heat.
Reflexes Maintained: Like ketamine, Telazol does not abolish pinnal, palpebral, pedal, laryngeal, and pharyngeal reflexes. Use alone may not be adequate for surgery in these areas.
Ocular Protection: Cats' eyes remain open after administration. Protect from injury and apply an ophthalmic lubricant (e.g., Lacrilube) to prevent corneal drying.
Airway Management: Cats reportedly do not tolerate endotracheal tubes well with this agent alone.
Species Specific Warnings: Contraindicated in tigers and generally avoided in large exotic cats. Not recommended in rabbits due to nephrotoxicity.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
In cats, anesthesia is prolonged on average by 30 minutes. No apparent effect on recovery times in dogs.
Can cause increased respiratory and cardiac depression.
May cause enhanced or prolonged respiratory depression (extrapolated from ketamine).
May induce hypertension and tachycardia (extrapolated from ketamine).
May increase zolazepam (benzodiazepine) levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase hypnotic effects and risk of hypotension/respiratory depression.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
Monitorización
- Level of anesthesia and analgesia
- Respiratory function (rate, depth, pulse oximetry)
- Cardiovascular status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
- Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia)
- Eye moisture and corneal integrity (especially in cats)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Onset of action is variable but generally rapid. In cats, IM onset is 1-7 minutes. In dogs, IM onset averages 7.5 minutes.
Distribución
Crosses the placenta.
Metabolismo
Hepatic metabolism. The duration of effect of the two components varies by species (zolazepam lasts longer in cats; tiletamine lasts longer in dogs).
Eliminación
Less than 4% of the drugs are excreted unchanged in the urine in dogs.
Sobredosis
The manufacturer claims a 2X margin of safety in dogs and a 4.5X margin of safety in cats.
- Clinical Signs: Excessive respiratory depression, prolonged anesthesia, potential cardiovascular collapse.
- Treatment: In massive overdoses, mechanically assisted ventilation should be performed if necessary. Treat other clinical signs symptomatically and supportively.
- Reversal/Stimulation: A preliminary study in dogs suggests that doxapram at 5.5 mg/kg will enhance respirations and arousal after Telazol administration.
Note: High doses of tiletamine have caused acute tubular necrosis in New Zealand white rabbits.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Injectable lyophilized powder for reconstitution: 50 mg/mL tiletamine + 50 mg/mL zolazepam (100 mg/mL combined)
Veterinario
- Telazol® (Pfizer): Tiletamine HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) and Zolazepam HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) as lyophilized powder in 5 mL vials. Reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water yields 50 mg/mL of each drug (100 mg/mL combined). (Rx, C-III)
Estado regulador
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
After reconstitution, solutions may be stored for 4 days at room temperature and 14 days if refrigerated. Do not use solutions that contain a precipitate or are discolored.
Información para el cliente
Este medicamento es un anestésico y tranquilizante inyectable utilizado exclusivamente por profesionales veterinarios en un entorno clínico para sedar o anestediar de forma segura a su mascota para procedimientos médicos.
- Recuperación: Su mascota puede experimentar un período de recuperación prolongado o ligeramente brusco (vocalización, espasmos o aturdimiento) a medida que el efecto del medicamento desaparece. Esto es normal, pero manténgala en un ambiente tranquilo, seguro y cálido hasta que se haya recuperado por completo.
- Cuidado de los ojos: Debido a que este medicamento puede mantener los ojos abiertos durante la sedación, su veterinario aplicará un ungüento protector ocular. Es posible que note algunos residuos de ungüento alrededor de los ojos después del procedimiento.
- Temperatura: El fármaco puede reducir la temperatura corporal, por lo que su mascota podría necesitar calor adicional durante la recuperación.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.