Xilacina
Xylazine
Xylazine hydrochloride
También conocido como: Rompun · AnaSed · Sedazine · Cervizine · Chanazine · Gemini · Nerfasin · Sedaxylan · Virbaxyl · Xylacare · Xylapan · Xylazine HCl · Bay-Va-1470 · Xylazine hydrochloride
Revisado por el equipo veterinario de VetSheetActualizado 5 abr 2026Referencia veterinaria basada en la evidencia
Evidencia posológica v13 auditada
Evidencia revisada no calculableEvidencia revisada no calculable (2)
Solo evidencia; no apta para cálculo automático
Preanesthetic agent (extra-label)
Preanesthetic agent (extra-label): 0.2 – 1 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC 20
Contexto clínico obligatorio (3)
- NOTE: A reversal agent should always be on hand; reversal of sedative effects also reverses analgesic effects.
- NOTE: Most clinicians prefer using newer alpha-2 agonists (eg, dexmedetomidine) that have a greater selectivity for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor.
- Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Some manufacturers state to store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F) and permit excursions up to 40°C (104°F).
Solo evidencia; no apta para cálculo automático
Analgesic adjunct (extra-label)
Analgesic adjunct (extra-label): 0.05 – 0.5 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC
Contexto clínico obligatorio (3)
- NOTE: A reversal agent should always be on hand; reversal of sedative effects also reverses analgesic effects.
- NOTE: Most clinicians prefer using newer alpha-2 agonists (eg, dexmedetomidine) that have a greater selectivity for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor.
- Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Some manufacturers state to store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F) and permit excursions up to 40°C (104°F).
Las dosis son una referencia clínica para profesionales veterinarios autorizados. Confirme siempre con el prospecto actual y cada paciente individual.
Resumen
La xilacina es un potente agonista adrenérgico alfa-2 ampliamente utilizado en medicina veterinaria por sus propiedades sedantes, analgésicas y relajantes musculares. También se utiliza con frecuencia como un emético fiable (para inducir el vómito) en gatos.
Perla clínica: Existe una profunda variabilidad entre especies en cuanto a la sensibilidad a la xilacina. Los rumiantes son extremadamente sensibles, requiriendo aproximadamente 1/10 de la dosis utilizada en caballos para lograr el mismo efecto. Por el contrario, los cerdos son altamente resistentes y requieren de 20 a 30 veces la dosis de los rumiantes.
Aunque proporciona una excelente analgesia visceral (especialmente en caballos), su uso en animales pequeños a menudo se reserva para pacientes jóvenes y sanos debido a sus significativos efectos depresores cardiovasculares, que incluyen bradicardia, arritmias y disminución del gasto cardíaco. No está aprobada por la FDA para su uso en animales destinados al consumo humano, aunque a veces se utiliza fuera de etiqueta (extra-label) con estrictos tiempos de retiro.
Mecanismo de acción
Xylazine stimulates presynaptic and postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Sedation & Analgesia: Activation of central alpha-2 receptors → decreased release of norepinephrine and dopamine → profound CNS depression and analgesia.
- Muscle Relaxation: Centrally mediated inhibition of intraneuronal transmission of impulses in the CNS.
- Cardiovascular Effects (Biphasic): Initial stimulation of peripheral alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors → transient vasoconstriction and hypertension → subsequent central sympatholytic effect → hypotension, bradycardia, and potentially second-degree AV block. Cardiac output can decrease by up to 30%.
- Emesis: Stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ), particularly in cats.
- Endocrine/Renal: Decreases insulin release → transient hyperglycemia. Decreases ADH production → polyuria (especially in ruminants).
Seguridad y advertencias
Contraindicaciones
- Animals receiving epinephrine
- Active ventricular arrhythmias
- Preexisting cardiac dysfunction
- Hypotension or shock
- Respiratory dysfunction
- Severe hepatic or renal insufficiency
- Preexisting seizure disorders
- Severely debilitated animals
- Last trimester of pregnancy (particularly in cattle)
- Dehydrated or debilitated ruminants
- Urinary tract obstruction (ruminants)
- Intra-arterial injection (may cause severe seizures and collapse)
- Cardiovascular disease
- Systemic disease affecting cardiovascular performance
- Geriatric patients
- Pregnant animals
- Diabetic animals
- Patients receiving sympathomimetic amines
- Conditions where vomiting is contraindicated (e.g., foreign body, raised intraocular pressure)
- Ingestion of strong acids, alkalis, or volatile/oily organic products
- Unconscious or seizing animals, or those with a reduced cough reflex
Efectos adversos
- Emesis (especially in cats, occasionally dogs)
- Muscle tremors
- Bradycardia with partial A-V block
- Reduced respiratory rate and tidal volume
- Sudden movement or kicking in response to sharp auditory stimuli (especially horses)
- Increased urination (cats, cattle)
- Bloat from aerophagia (dogs, cattle)
- Sweating (horses)
- Salivation, ruminal atony, regurgitation, and diarrhea (cattle)
- Premature parturition (cattle)
- Transient hypertension followed by hypotension
- Decreased mucociliary clearance (horses)
- Cardiovascular depression (bradycardia, arrhythmias)
- Vomiting (especially in cats)
- Diuresis (suppression of ADH secretion)
- Transient hyperglycaemia (decreased insulin secretion)
- Mydriasis
- Decreased intraocular pressure
- Increased uterine motility
Precauciones
Use extreme caution in ruminants due to high sensitivity; ensure correct product concentration (20 mg/mL vs 100 mg/mL). Horses may appear deeply sedated but can still kick violently in response to sudden noises (auditory stimuli). May induce premature parturition in cattle. Can inhibit GI motility; use cautiously in patients with intestinal impactions. Use cautiously in horses during the vasoconstrictive phase of laminitis. Brachycephalic dogs and horses with upper airway disease may develop dyspnea.
Interacciones farmacológicas
Potential for additive hypotensive effects; use cautiously in animals susceptible to hemodynamic complications.
Prolonged sedation and gastrointestinal stasis possible.
Additive CNS depression. Dosages of these agents may need to be reduced.
May induce the development of ventricular arrhythmias (with or without concurrent halothane).
May cause colic-like clinical signs in horses; concurrent use should be avoided.
Significantly reduces the dose of all other anaesthetic agents required to maintain anaesthesia.
Increased risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias.
Monitorización
- Level of anesthesia/analgesia
- Respiratory function (rate, depth, tidal volume)
- Cardiovascular status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
- Hydration status (especially if polyuria is present)
- Heart rate and rhythm (ECG)
- Respiratory rate and depth
- Blood glucose (in susceptible patients)
Farmacocinética
Vida media
Absorción
Rapid following IM injection, but bioavailabilities are incomplete and variable (40-48% in horses, 17-73% in sheep, and 52-90% in dogs).
Distribución
Widely distributed; crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert central effects.
Metabolismo
Undergoes hepatic metabolism.
Eliminación
Metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Not detected in milk of lactating dairy cattle at 5 and 21 hours post-dose.
Sobredosis
In the event of an accidental overdosage, profound CNS and respiratory depression, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias may occur. Seizures have also been reported.
- Reversal Agents: Alpha-2 antagonists such as yohimbine, atipamezole, and tolazoline can be used alone or in combination to reverse the effects of xylazine and speed recovery times.
- Supportive Care: Mechanical respiratory support and respiratory stimulants (e.g., doxapram) may be required to treat severe respiratory depressant effects.
Productos disponibles
Formulaciones
- Injection: 20 mg/mL
- Injection: 100 mg/mL
- Injection: 300 mg/mL (for deer and elk)
- Injectable: 20 mg/ml solution
Veterinario
- Xylazine Injection: 20 mg/mL in 20 mL vials
- Xylazine Injection: 100 mg/mL in 50 mL vials
- Xylazine Injection: 300 mg/mL (Cervizine, for deer and elk)
- Chanazine 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Nerfasin 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Rompun 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Sedaxylan 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Virbaxyl 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Xylacare 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Xylapan 20 mg/ml solution for injection
Estado regulador
POM-V
POM-V
Sin datos reguladores para: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
Almacenamiento y estabilidad
Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Reportedly physically compatible in the same syringe with acepromazine, buprenorphine, butorphanol, chloral hydrate, and meperidine. Compounded mixtures of ketamine, acepromazine, and xylazine ('KAX') are stable for at least 180 days if stored at room temperature in the dark.
Información para el cliente
La xilacina es un potente sedante y analgésico utilizado para calmar a los animales durante procedimientos o como parte de un protocolo anestésico.
- Vómitos: Es muy común que los gatos (y a veces los perros) vomiten poco después de recibir este medicamento. Este es un efecto esperado y, a veces, es la razón principal por la que se administra el fármaco (por ejemplo, si su mascota ingirió algo tóxico).
- Recuperación: Su mascota puede estar aturdida, descoordinada o somnolienta durante unas horas después del procedimiento. Manténgala en un entorno tranquilo, seguro y cómodo hasta que esté completamente despierta.
- Reflejo de sobresalto: Incluso si un animal (especialmente un caballo) parece estar profundamente dormido, los ruidos fuertes repentinos pueden hacer que se sobresalte o cocee violentamente. Muévase siempre con cuidado y en silencio alrededor de los animales sedados.
La referencia de medicamentos de VetSheet está destinada a profesionales veterinarios autorizados como ayuda para la toma de decisiones clínicas, no como sustituto del criterio profesional ni del prospecto actual del fabricante.