アルブテロール / サルブタモール
Albuterol
Albuterol sulfate
別名: Proventil · Ventolin · ProAir · AccuNeb · VoSpire · Salbutamol hemisulphate · Salbutamol sulphate · Salbutamoli sulfas · Albuterol sulfate · Salbutamol sulfate
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
動物種別用量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
犬
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchodilation | 0.05 mg/kg (50 micrograms /kg) PO q8h | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Bronchodilation | 0.02 mg/kg PO q12h for 5 days; if no improvement and no adverse effects may increase to 0.05 mg/kg PO q8-12h. If patient responds, reduce to lowest effective dose. | PO | q12h initially, then q8-12h | 5 days initially | 🌎 NA |
| Bronchodilation (Inhalation) | 0.5 mL of the 0.5% solution for nebulization in 4 mL of saline nebulized every 6 hours | Inhalation | q6h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Bronchodilation: WARNING: Older references stating 50 mg/kg q8h are an obvious overdose and should not be followed.
- Bronchodilation (Inhalation): Based on a 60 lb dog.
猫
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feline asthma (mild symptoms) | one puff albuterol as needed with one puff of 110 micrograms fluticasone twice daily. | Inhalation | PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Feline asthma (moderate symptoms) | albuterol one puff as needed with a 5 day course of prednisone at 1 mg/kg PO daily, and 220 micrograms of fluticasone twice daily. | Inhalation | PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Feline asthma (severely affected/emergency) | 90 micrograms (one puff) albuterol every 30 minutes as needed. | Inhalation | q30min PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Feline asthma (chronic therapy) | 90 micrograms albuterol as needed | Inhalation | PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Feline asthma (intermittent signs) | two puffs into an appropriate spacer ( e.g., Aerokat ®) twice daily; cat should breathe through the mask and spacer for 7-10 seconds. Positive clinical effect should be seen within 5-10 minutes. Can be used every 1/2 hour for 2-4 hours in crisis. | Inhalation | BID or q30min in crisis | — | 🌎 NA |
- Feline asthma (mild symptoms): Using the 90 micrograms/puff aerosol albuterol inhaler and an appropriate spacer and mask.
- Feline asthma (severely affected/emergency): Should be treated on an emergency basis with oxygen and an intravenous dose of a glucocorticoid.
- Feline asthma (chronic therapy): Should include fluticasone 220 micrograms twice daily and 1 mg/kg prednisone every other day.
- Feline asthma (intermittent signs): For intermittent signs (e.g., wheeze, increased cough or respiratory rate and effort at rest).
馬
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rescue therapy (respiratory difficulty at rest) | 360 micrograms (4 puffs) inhaled; if severe airway obstruction, may give at 15 minute increments for up to 2 hours. Continue as needed every 4-6 hours. | Inhalation | q15min up to 2h, then q4-6h PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe respiratory disease | 360 micrograms followed in 5 minutes with aerosolized corticosteroid (beclomethasone or fluticasone) therapy. | Inhalation | — | — | 🌎 NA |
| Bronchodilation | 2-3 micrograms/kg via inhalation using a specially designed mask and spacer ( Aeromask ® and Aerovent ®) | Inhalation | — | — | 🌎 NA |
| Heaves | 0.8-2 micrograms/kg in a metered dose inhaler | Inhalation | — | — | 🌎 NA |
| Short-acting bronchodilation | 450-900 micrograms (5-10 puffs) as needed, not to exceed 4 times per week unless in conjunction with a corticosteroid | Inhalation | PRN (max 4x/week without steroids) | — | 🌎 NA |
| Heaves | 360 micrograms (4 puffs) inhaled as needed. Tolerance develops rapidly if used as a sole therapy. | Inhalation | PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
- Rescue therapy (respiratory difficulty at rest): Beneficial effects may last approximately 1 hour in severely affected horses. ARCI UCGFS Class 3 Drug.
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
アルブテロール（国際一般名：サルブタモール）は、短時間作用型 $\beta_2$-アドレナリン受容体作動薬（SABA）です。獣医療においては、下気道疾患に伴う気管支痙攣や咳を緩和するための強力な気管支拡張薬として広く使用されています。
主な臨床応用：
- 猫の喘息：主に急性喘息発作時の「レスキュー（救急）」吸入薬として使用されます。
- 犬の慢性気管支炎：気管支痙攣の対症療法として使用されます。
- 馬の回帰性気道閉塞（RAO / 息労）：呼吸困難の急性緩和に使用されます。
臨床上のポイント：急性期のレスキュー治療としては非常に有効ですが、ラセミ体アルブテロールの慢性的な単独使用は（特に猫において）推奨されません。ラセミ混合物中のS-エナンチオマーは、長期使用により逆説的に気道炎症を悪化させる可能性があります。長期管理には、吸入ステロイド（フルチカゾンなど）との併用が理想的です。
作用機序
Albuterol selectively binds to and stimulates $\beta_2$-adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle.
Mechanism Pathway: $\beta_2$-receptor activation $\rightarrow$ stimulates adenylyl cyclase $\rightarrow$ increases intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) $\rightarrow$ activates protein kinase A (PKA) $\rightarrow$ decreases intracellular calcium concentrations $\rightarrow$ results in smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
- Secondary Effects: It also stabilizes mast cell membranes (preventing inflammatory mediator release) and increases mucociliary clearance.
- Metabolic/Electrolyte Effects: Beta-adrenergic stimulation activates the $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase pump, driving potassium from the serum into the intracellular space, which can cause temporary hypokalemia.
- Cardiac Effects: At standard doses, it has minimal $\beta_1$ (cardiac) activity, but at high doses or in sensitive individuals, it can cause tachycardia.
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Known hypersensitivity to albuterol
- Use with extreme caution in patients with cardiac disease (especially concurrent arrhythmias)
- Use with caution in patients with diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, or seizure disorders
- Use during late stages of pregnancy (may inhibit uterine contractions)
- Known hypersensitivity to salbutamol
- Severe cardiac tachyarrhythmias
有害事象
- Tachycardia
- Tremors and trembling
- CNS excitement, nervousness, and agitation
- Dizziness
- Hypokalemia (decreased serum potassium)
- Paradoxical airway inflammation in cats (associated with chronic use of the S-enantiomer in racemic albuterol)
- Muscle tremors
- Restlessness or excitement
- Hypokalemia (with high doses)
注意事項
Albuterol should be used with caution in animals with underlying cardiovascular disease, particularly those prone to arrhythmias, as well as those with hyperthyroidism, hypertension, or seizure disorders.
Pregnancy Warning: In very large doses, albuterol is teratogenic in rodents. It may also delay preterm labor by inhibiting uterine contractions. Use only when potential benefits outweigh the risks (FDA Category C in humans).
Feline Specific Warning: Chronic use of racemic albuterol in cats can exacerbate airway inflammation. Its use in cats should generally be restricted to acute rescue therapy.
医薬品相互作用
May antagonize the bronchodilatory actions of albuterol
Albuterol may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias
May predispose the patient to ventricular arrhythmias, particularly in patients with preexisting cardiac disease
Concurrent use may increase the risk of developing adverse cardiovascular effects
May potentiate the vascular effects of albuterol
Antagonizes the bronchodilating effects of salbutamol
May exacerbate hypokalemia
監視
- Clinical symptom improvement (respiratory rate, effort)
- Thoracic auscultation
- Blood gases (if indicated in severe respiratory distress)
- Cardiac rate and rhythm (especially in overdose or susceptible patients)
- Serum potassium levels (early in therapy if animal is susceptible to hypokalemia)
- Respiratory rate and effort
- Heart rate and rhythm
- Serum potassium levels (if used frequently or in high doses)
薬物動態
半減期
吸収
Absorbed rapidly and well after oral administration. Effects occur within 5 minutes after oral inhalation, and 30 minutes after oral administration (e.g., tablets).
分布
Does not cross the blood-brain barrier but does cross the placenta.
代謝
Extensively metabolized in the liver principally to the inactive metabolite, albuterol 4'-O-sulfate.
消失
Duration of effect generally persists for 3-6 hours after inhalation and up to 12 hours after oral administration.
過剰投与
Significant overdose (often occurring when dogs puncture an aerosol canister with their teeth) leads to massive systemic absorption and severe sympathomimetic toxicity.
Clinical Signs:
- Severe tachycardia and arrhythmias (extrasystoles)
- Hypertension
- Tremors, agitation, and CNS stimulation
- Panting, tachypnea, and fever
- Vomiting
- Mydriasis
- Hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia (due to intracellular shifts)
Treatment:
- Oral Ingestion (Tablets): If recent and asymptomatic, perform standard decontamination (emesis, activated charcoal, cathartic).
- Inhaler Puncture: Decontamination is generally not effective as absorption across the oral mucosa is extremely rapid.
- Medical Management:
- Use beta-blocking agents (e.g., atenolol, metoprolol, or propranolol) to control severe tachycardia and arrhythmias.
- Administer diazepam for severe tremors or agitation.
- Monitor electrolytes closely; potassium supplementation via IV fluids is frequently required to correct hypokalemia.
- Contact an animal poison control center for guided management.
製品
製剤
- Extended-release oral tablets
- Oral syrup
- Aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
- Solution for inhalation (nebulization)
- Inhalational: 100 μg per metered inhalation (Evohaler)
ヒト用医薬品
- Albuterol Oral Tablets: 2 mg & 4 mg
- Albuterol Extended Release Oral Tablets: 4 mg & 8 mg (VoSpire ER)
- Albuterol Oral Syrup: 2 mg/5 mL
- Albuterol Aerosol (MDI): 90 micrograms/actuation (ProAir HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA)
- Albuterol Solution for Inhalation ('Nebs'): 0.083% (2.5 mg/3 mL), 0.5% (5 mg/mL), 0.021% (0.63 mg/3mL), 0.042% (1.25 mg/3 mL) (AccuNeb, Proventil)
- Combination Aerosol: 103 mcg albuterol / 18 mcg ipratropium bromide per puff (Combivent)
- Combination Solution for Inhalation: 3 mg albuterol / 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide (DuoNeb)
- Ventolin Evohaler (100 μg per metered inhalation)
規制ステータス
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
Oral albuterol sulfate products should be stored at 2-30°C. The inhaled aerosol should be stored at room temperature; do not allow exposure to temperatures above 120°F or the canister may burst. The 0.5% nebulizer solutions should be stored at room temperature; the 0.083% nebulizer solutions should be stored in the refrigerator. Discard solutions if they become colored.
飼主向け情報
- 適切な投与方法：エアロゾル吸入器を使用する場合は、使用前に事前によく振ってください。肺への薬物送達を最大化するために、スペーサー（Aerokat、Aerodawgなど）とマスクの適切な使用方法を必ず確認してください。
- レスキュー使用：この薬は通常、急性の呼吸困難に対する「レスキュー（救急）」吸入器として使用されます。ペットの症状が悪化した場合、吸入器の効果が見られない場合、または急激に体調を崩した場合は、直ちに獣医師に連絡してください。
- 保管と安全性：エアロゾル缶に穴を開けたり、直火の近くで使用したりしないでください。缶が破裂する恐れがあるため、120°F（49°C）以上の高温にさらさないでください。
- 毒性の警告：吸入器は絶対に犬の手の届かない場所に保管してください。 犬が缶を噛んで穴を開けると、大量の薬物が体内に吸収され、致命的な過剰摂取を引き起こす危険があります。万が一このような事態が発生した場合は、直ちに動物病院で緊急治療を受けてください。
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