アモキシシリン・クラブラン酸
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium
Amoxicillin trihydrate and Clavulanate potassium
別名: Clavamox · Augmentin · Amoclan · amoxycillin · p-hydroxyampicillin · BRL 2333 · clavulanic acid · BRL-14151K · kalii clavulanas
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
監査済み v13 用量エビデンス
構造化された用量計算エビデンスSporadic bacterial cystitis (extra-label)
- q8-12h
NA
必ず考慮する臨床コンテキスト (3)
- NOTE: All dosages listed are for combined quantities of both drugs (unless otherwise noted).
- ■ This medicine can be given with or without food, but gastrointestinal side effects might be prevented if this medicine is given with food.
- Clavulanate products should be stored at temperatures below 25°C (77°F), and some tablet formulations specify storage at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F). Potassium clavulanate is very susceptible to moisture and should be protected from excessive humidity.
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
アモキシシリン・クラブラン酸(獣医療では商品名 Clavamox® としてよく知られています)は、非常に有効で広域スペクトルを持つ配合アミノペニシリン系抗生物質です。
- 抗菌スペクトルの拡大: β-ラクタマーゼ阻害薬であるクラブラン酸を加えることで、アモキシシリンが酵素によって分解されるのを防ぎ、β-ラクタマーゼ産生菌(ブドウ球菌や大腸菌など)に対しても有効性を示します。
- 臨床用途: 犬および猫の尿路感染症(UTI)、皮膚および軟部組織感染症、歯周病の治療薬としてFDAに承認されています。
- 経験的治療の第一選択: 雌犬の細菌性膀胱炎に対する優れた第一選択薬であり、フルオロキノロン系と併用することで肝胆道系感染症にも適応されます。
- 制限事項: クラブラン酸では阻害できないタイプIセファロスポリナーゼを産生することが多い緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)やエンテロバクター属(Enterobacter)には通常無効です。
作用機序
Amoxicillin is a time-dependent, bactericidal antibiotic that binds to Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) → inhibits bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linking → compromises cell wall integrity → cell lysis and death.
Clavulanic acid acts as a "suicide inhibitor" by competitively and irreversibly binding to beta-lactamase enzymes (types II, III, IV, V, and staphylococcal penicillinases) → prevents the enzymatic destruction of amoxicillin → restores and expands the antimicrobial spectrum against resistant organisms.
Note: There is little synergistic activity against organisms already susceptible to amoxicillin alone.
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Patients with a history of hypersensitivity to penicillins
- Small hindgut fermenters (rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hamsters) due to risk of fatal clostridial enterotoxemia
- Oral administration in patients with septicemia, shock, or grave illness (due to delayed/diminished GI absorption)
有害事象
- Gastrointestinal upset (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea)
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, fever, eosinophilia, anaphylaxis)
- Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and superinfections (due to altered gut flora)
- Neurotoxicity (e.g., ataxia in dogs) at very high doses or prolonged use
- Elevated liver enzymes (rare)
- Tachypnea, dyspnea, edema, and tachycardia (rarely reported in dogs)
注意事項
WARNING FOR EXOTIC PETS: Do not administer penicillins to rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, or hamsters, as severe enteritis and fatal clostridial enterotoxemia may occur.
- Cross-Reactivity: Use cautiously in patients with documented hypersensitivity to other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins, carbapenems).
- Critically Ill Patients: Avoid oral administration in patients in shock or with septicemia due to unreliable gastrointestinal absorption.
- Laboratory Interference: May cause false-positive urine glucose determinations when using cupric sulfate solutions (e.g., Clinitest®).
医薬品相互作用
Theoretical in vitro antagonism; clinical importance is currently in doubt but historically not recommended to combine.
Amoxicillin may decrease the renal excretion of methotrexate, causing increased levels and potential toxic effects.
Competitively blocks the tubular secretion of most penicillins, thereby increasing serum levels and serum half-lives.
In vitro inactivation can occur if mixed together; serum concentrations of aminoglycosides may be falsely decreased if stored prior to analysis.
監視
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection signs)
- Adverse gastrointestinal signs (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia)
薬物動態
半減期
吸収
Clavulanate potassium is relatively stable in the presence of gastric acid and is readily absorbed. Peak levels occur about 1 hour after dosing.
分布
Clavulanic acid has an apparent volume of distribution of 0.32 L/kg in dogs. Distributes (with amoxicillin) into lungs, pleural fluid, and peritoneal fluid. Low concentrations in saliva, sputum, and uninflamed CSF. Readily crosses the placenta and is found in milk in low concentrations. 13% bound to proteins in dog serum.
代謝
Clavulanic acid is extensively metabolized in the dog primarily to 1-amino-4-hydroxybutan-2-one.
消失
Excreted unchanged in the urine via glomerular filtration. In dogs, 34-52% is excreted in urine, 25-27% in feces, and 16-33% into respired air.
過剰投与
Acute oral penicillin overdoses are unlikely to cause significant problems other than gastrointestinal distress (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia).
In humans, very high dosages of parenteral penicillins, especially in patients with underlying renal disease, have induced Central Nervous System (CNS) effects. Treatment of oral overdose should be supportive and symptomatic.
製品
製剤
- Oral tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Powder for oral suspension
動物用医薬品
- Oral Tablets (4:1 ratio): 62.5 mg (50 mg amoxicillin/12.5 mg clavulanic acid), 125 mg, 250 mg, 375 mg (Clavamox Tablets®)
- Powder for Oral Suspension: 50 mg amoxicillin/12.5 mg clavulanic acid per mL in 15 mL dropper bottles (Clavamox Drops®)
ヒト用医薬品
- Tablets: 250 mg/125 mg, 500 mg/125 mg, 875 mg/125 mg (Augmentin®)
- Chewable Tablets: 125 mg/31.25 mg, 200 mg/28.5 mg, 250 mg/62.5 mg, 400 mg/57 mg (Augmentin®)
- Powder for Oral Suspension: Various strengths including 125 mg/31.25 mg per 5 mL, up to 600 mg/42.9 mg per 5 mL (Augmentin®, Amoclan®)
規制ステータス
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保管・安定性
Store clavulanate products at temperatures less than 24°C (75°F) in tight containers, protected from excessive humidity. After reconstitution, veterinary oral suspensions are stable for 10 days when refrigerated (discard unused portions after 10 days). If kept at room temperature, suspensions are stable for only 48 hours.
飼主向け情報
- 投与方法: この薬は食事の有無にかかわらず投与できます。ただし、ペットが胃腸の不調(嘔吐や食欲不振)を起こした場合は、少量の食事やおやつと一緒に与えると症状が和らぐことがあります。
- 液剤の保管: 経口懸濁液(シロップ)を使用する場合は、冷蔵庫での保管が推奨されます。効果が失われるため、10日を過ぎて余った液剤は廃棄してください。
- 治療の完了: ペットが完全に元気になったように見えても、必ず獣医師の指示通りに処方された分を最後まで飲ませきってください。途中でやめると、耐性菌が発生する原因になります。
- 副作用: 軽度の下痢や嘔吐が起こることがあります。これらの症状がひどくなる場合や、ペットが食事をとらなくなった場合は、獣医師にご相談ください。
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