クロゴケグモ抗毒素
Black Widow Spider Antivenin
Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans)
別名: Black Widow Spider Antivenin · Latrodectus mactans antivenin · Black widow antivenom
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
動物種別用量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
犬
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. | IV | Single dose | 30 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. | IV | Single dose | 2-6 hours | 🌎 NA |
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation: Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
猫
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. | IV | Single dose | 30 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. | IV | Single dose | 2-6 hours | 🌎 NA |
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation: Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
クロゴケグモ抗毒素は、クロゴケグモ（Latrodectus mactans）の咬傷による毒素を中和するための救命用生物学的製剤です。
臨床上のポイント:
- 動物種の感受性: 猫、ラクダ、馬はクロゴケグモの毒素に対して非常に敏感であるとされています。
- 毒性の特徴: 主な毒性症状は、毒液に含まれる強力な神経毒（特にα-ラトロトキシン）によるもので、神経伝達物質の大量放出を引き起こし、重度の筋肉のけいれん、硬直、自律神経の不安定性をもたらします。
- 入手の難しさ: 希少種の抗毒素は獣医師にとって入手が困難な場合があります。最新の入手方法や治療の選択肢については、中毒事故管理センターに連絡することを強くお勧めします。
作用機序
Antivenins act by directly neutralizing the complex protein venoms in the patient's systemic circulation.
- Mechanism: The product provides passive immunization via concentrated serum globulins obtained from horses previously immunized with black widow spider venom.
- Pharmacodynamic Pathway: The antibodies bind to alpha-latrotoxin → prevents the toxin from forming pores in presynaptic neuronal membranes → halts the massive, uncoordinated influx of calcium and subsequent depletion of neurotransmitter vesicles (like acetylcholine and norepinephrine).
- In humans, clinical symptoms typically begin to subside within 1-2 hours after administration.
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Known severe hypersensitivity to equine serum (relative contraindication in life-threatening envenomation)
有害事象
- Anaphylaxis (incidence <2%)
- Anaphylactoid reactions (nausea, pruritus, hyperemia of the inner pinna)
- Serum sickness (delayed hypersensitivity)
注意事項
Anaphylaxis Risk: Because this product is derived from horse serum, there is a significant risk of anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions.
- Sensitivity Testing: A 1:10 dilution given intracutaneously (0.02-0.03 mL) is suggested to test for hypersensitivity (wheal/erythema within 30 mins indicates a positive reaction). However, a negative response does not guarantee safety.
- Administration Technique: Slow intravenous administration is usually sufficient to identify reacting animals.
- Pre-treatment: Administering diphenhydramine prior to the antivenin is strongly recommended to sedate the patient and reduce allergic reactions.
- Reaction Management: If an anaphylactoid reaction occurs (e.g., hyperemia of the inner pinna), stop the infusion, administer additional diphenhydramine, and restart 5 minutes later at a slower rate.
- Fluid Therapy Caution: Use care with IV fluids, as black widow envenomation can cause significant hypertension.
医薬品相互作用
May mask the early signs associated with anaphylaxis
監視
- Signs associated with an allergic response to the antivenin (anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid-reactions, serum sickness)
- Respiratory/cardiac rate
- Blood pressure
- Serum chemistry (blood glucose mandatory)
- CBC
- Urine output; urinalysis
過剰投与
Specific overdosage information is not provided. However, excessive administration of serum products increases the risk of volume overload and severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and serum sickness.
製品
製剤
- Powder for Injection
ヒト用医薬品
- Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) Powder for Injection: greater than or equal to 6000 antivenin Units/vial in single-use vials with 1 vial diluent (2.5 mL vial of sterile water for injection) and l mL vial of normal horse serum (1:10 dilution) for sensitivity testing
規制ステータス
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
Product should be stored in the refrigerator (2-8°C). It is reconstituted by adding 2.5 mL of the diluent provided; shake the vial to completely dissolve the contents. Do not freeze the reconstituted solution. For IV use, further dilute the solution in 10-100 mL of normal saline injection.
飼主向け情報
クロゴケグモの咬傷による中毒は、特に毒素に非常に敏感な猫にとって、生命を脅かす緊急事態です。
- 治療のリスク: 抗毒素は非常に効果的ですが、馬の血清から作られています。投与中にアナフィラキシー（重篤なアレルギー反応）が起こる可能性があることをご理解いただく必要があります。
- 集中治療: 症状を管理し、アレルギー反応を防ぐために、ペットには綿密なモニタリング、静脈内輸液、および他の薬剤（抗ヒスタミン薬や筋弛緩薬など）が必要になります。
- 費用: 抗毒素の希少性と製造プロセス、さらに必要な入院と集中的なモニタリングのため、この治療に関連する費用は高額になる可能性があります。
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