ブトルファノール
Butorphanol
Butorphanol tartrate
別名: Stadol · Torbutrol · Torbugesic · Dolorex · Equanol · Alvegesic · Butomidor · Torphasol · levo-BC-2627 · butorphanol tartrate
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
監査済み v13 用量エビデンス
確認済み・計算対象外のエビデンス確認済み・計算対象外のエビデンス (5)
エビデンス表示のみ(自動計算対象外)
Chelonians/minimal sedation
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Butorphanol. Dosage: 0.2 mg/kg IM118,275. Species/Comments: Chelonians/minimal sedation.
エビデンス表示のみ(自動計算対象外)
Most species/sedation; preanesthetic
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Butorphanol. Dosage: 0.4–1 mg/kg SC, IM295. Species/Comments: Most species/sedation; preanesthetic.
エビデンス表示のみ(自動計算対象外)
Most species/preanesthetic
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Butorphanol. Dosage: 0.5–2 mg/kg IM, or 0.2–0.5 mg/kg IV, IO23. Species/Comments: Most species/preanesthetic.
エビデンス表示のみ(自動計算対象外)
Butorphanol combinations follow; see ketamine for combinations; inadequate for analgesia
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Butorphanol. Dosage: —. Species/Comments: Butorphanol combinations follow; see ketamine for combinations; inadequate for analgesia.
エビデンス表示のみ(自動計算対象外)
Lizards/administer 30 min before isoflurane for smoother, shorter induction
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Butorphanol. Dosage: 1–1.5 mg/kg SC, IM295. Species/Comments: Lizards/administer 30 min before isoflurane for smoother, shorter induction.
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
ブトルファノールは、複数の動物種にわたって獣医療で広く使用されている合成オピオイド部分アゴニストです。
- 鎮痛作用: 軽度から中等度の内臓痛に対する鎮痛効果を提供します。「天井効果(シーリング効果)」があるため、高用量でも鎮痛効果は増強されず、重度の痛み(大がかりな整形外科手術など)には適していません。
- 鎮咳作用: 犬の慢性的な非湿性咳嗽(伝染性気管気管支炎、気管虚脱など)の抑制に非常に効果的です。
- 拮抗薬として: フェンタニル、メタドン、モルヒネなどの純粋なμ(ミュー)アゴニストによる重度な呼吸抑制や中枢神経抑制を特異的に拮抗(リバース)しつつ、κ(カッパ)受容体を介したある程度の鎮痛効果を維持することができます。
- 鎮静作用: 相乗的な鎮静や化学的保定を目的として、α2アゴニスト(デクスメデトミジンやキシラジンなど)およびベンゾジアゼピン系薬物と頻繁に併用されます。
臨床のポイント: ブトルファノールは小動物において優れた鎮咳薬および軽度の鎮静薬ですが、作用時間が非常に短い(犬での鎮痛作用は通常1時間未満)ため、主要な鎮痛薬としての有用性は限られています。対照的に、馬(疝痛など)においては非常に効果的で一般的に使用される内臓鎮痛薬です。
作用機序
Butorphanol exerts its effects by interacting with specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system:
- Kappa (κ) and Sigma (σ) Agonist: Activation of κ-receptors in the limbic system and spinal cord provides visceral analgesia and sedation.
- Mu (μ) Antagonist: Competitively binds to and blocks μ-receptors. This antagonism is responsible for its ability to reverse pure μ-agonist drugs and is the reason for its analgesic "ceiling effect."
- Antitussive Mechanism: Directly suppresses the medullary cough center, elevating the threshold to stimuli (like CO2) without depressing respiratory center sensitivity as profoundly as pure agonists.
- Cellular Pathway: Binds to κ-receptors → inhibits adenylate cyclase → decreases intracellular cAMP → closes voltage-gated calcium channels and opens potassium channels → hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Known hypersensitivity to butorphanol
- Lower respiratory tract conditions with copious mucous production (suppressing cough prevents clearance)
- Caution in patients with head trauma, increased CSF pressure, or severe CNS dysfunction (e.g., coma)
- Caution in severe liver disease, renal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, or Addison's disease
- Caution in dogs with heartworm disease (safety not established)
有害事象
- Sedation and ataxia
- Anorexia or diarrhea (rare in small animals)
- Respiratory depression (mild compared to pure agonists)
- CNS excitement, head tossing, and increased ambulation (especially in horses at high doses or rapid IV administration)
- Decreased gastrointestinal motility and potential ileus (horses)
- Nystagmus, salivation, seizures, and hyperthermia (at massive overdoses in horses)
注意事項
MDR1 (ABCB1) Mutation Warning: Dogs with the MDR1 mutation (e.g., Collies, Australian Shepherds) may develop pronounced and prolonged sedation. Reduce the dose by 25% in heterozygous dogs and by 30-50% in homozygous mutant dogs.
Geriatric/Debilitated Patients: Use with caution and consider dose reductions.
Hepatic/Renal Impairment: The manufacturer advises against use in dogs with a history of liver disease. Use cautiously in renal insufficiency.
Pregnancy/Nursing: Category C (human). Safe for use if used cautiously in dogs/cats, but manufacturer does not recommend use in pregnant bitches, foals, weanlings, or breeding horses.
医薬品相互作用
May cause increased CNS or respiratory depression; dosage may need to be decreased.
Could potentially decrease the metabolism of butorphanol, prolonging its effects.
Butorphanol may antagonize analgesic effects, but will also reverse sedative and respiratory depressant effects.
May cause increased conjunctival changes when used concurrently.
Could potentially decrease the metabolism of butorphanol.
Reduces the doses of other drugs required for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia
Addition of butorphanol will reduce analgesia produced from the full mu agonist; combination is not recommended for analgesia
Synergistic sedation
Synergistic sedation and analgesia
Butorphanol's mu-antagonist properties may block or partially reverse the analgesic effects of full mu-agonists. Higher doses of full mu-agonists may be required.
監視
- Analgesic and/or antitussive efficacy
- Respiratory rate and depth
- Appetite and bowel function
- CNS effects (sedation vs. excitement)
薬物動態
半減期
吸収
Completely absorbed in the gut when administered orally, but due to a high first-pass effect, only about 16% (1/6th) reaches systemic circulation. Completely absorbed following IM administration.
分布
Well distributed. Highest levels found in liver, kidneys, and intestine. Approximately 80% bound to plasma proteins. Crosses the placenta (neonatal levels roughly equivalent to maternal) and distributes into maternal milk.
代謝
Metabolized in the liver, primarily by hydroxylation, as well as N-dealkylation and conjugation. Metabolites do not exhibit analgesic activity.
消失
Metabolites and parent compound are mainly excreted into the urine (only 5% unchanged). 11-14% is excreted into the bile and eliminated in feces.
過剰投与
Acute life-threatening overdoses are unlikely (LD50 in dogs is 50 mg/kg). However, because veterinary injection comes in two highly different strengths (0.5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL), inadvertent overdoses can occur in small animals.
Clinical Signs: CNS effects (profound sedation or excitement), cardiovascular changes, and respiratory depression.
Treatment:
- Administer intravenous naloxone immediately to reverse opioid effects.
- Provide supportive measures: IV fluids, oxygen therapy, vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation if required.
- If seizures occur and persist, use diazepam for control.
製品
製剤
- Veterinary Injection: 0.5 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL
- Veterinary Tablets: 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
- Human Injection: 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL
- Human Nasal Spray: 10 mg/mL
動物用医薬品
- Butorphanol Tartrate Injection: 0.5 mg/mL (Torbutrol)
- Butorphanol Tartrate Injection: 2 mg/mL (Torbugesic-SA)
- Butorphanol Tartrate Injection: 10 mg/mL (Torbugesic, Dolorex, Butorject, Torphaject, Equanol)
- Butorphanol Tartrate Tablets: 1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg (Torbutrol)
ヒト用医薬品
- Butorphanol Tartrate Injection: 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL (Stadol)
- Butorphanol Nasal Spray: 10 mg/mL
規制ステータス
Subject to specific member state controlled drug regulations.
Classified as POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine - Veterinarian).
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
The injectable product should be stored out of bright light and at room temperature; avoid freezing.
飼主向け情報
この薬は何ですか? ブトルファノールは、咳を和らげたり、軽度の痛みを軽減したり、獣医療の処置前に鎮静薬として使用される薬です。
どのような効果や変化が予想されますか?
- ペットが眠たそうにしたり、少しふらついたりすることがあります。これは正常な反応ですが、薬の効果が切れるまでは安全で静かな環境(階段を避けるなど)に置いてあげてください。
- 咳止めとして処方された場合、咳の発作が著しく減少することに気づくはずです。
重要な警告:
- 処方された量を超えて与えないでください。 多く与えても鎮痛効果は上がらず、副作用のリスクが高まるだけです。
- ペットの咳が「乾いた咳」から「湿った(痰が絡むような)咳」に変わった場合は、獣医師に連絡してください。湿った咳を無理に止めると、肺に粘液が溜まる原因になります。
- 行動の大きな変化、食欲不振、または重度の便秘や下痢が見られた場合は、獣医師に報告してください。
VetSheet医薬品リファレンスは獣医専門家の臨床意思決定支援を目的としており、専門的判断または製造業者の最新医薬品情報の代替にはなりません。
