クロラムフェニコール
Chloramphenicol
別名: Chloromycetin · Chloroptic · Kemicetine · Minims · Optrex · Chlorogen · Chloramphenicolum · CAP
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
監査済み v13 用量エビデンス
構造化された用量計算エビデンスSusceptible infections (extra-label)
認証済み獣医師の確認が必要
- q12h
NA
必ず考慮する臨床コンテキスト (5)
- NOTE: Because of potential adverse effects in animals and human exposure concerns, chloramphenicol should only be used when other antimicrobial agents are not viable options.
- ■ Wear gloves when handling this medicine and avoid contact with the drug, especially around your mouth, nose, or eyes. Avoid crushing pills.
- ■ This medicine is best given with food as it has an extremely bitter taste that can make administration of the tablets difficult.
- ■ This medication is considered to be a hazardous drug as defined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Talk with your veterinarian or pharmacist about the use of personal protective equipment when handling this medicine.
- Chloramphenicol tablets should be stored in tight containers at or below 25°C (77°F) and in a dry place. The sodium succinate powder for injection should be stored between 20°C and 25°C (68°F-77°F).
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
角膜バリアを通過して前眼房に移行する広域スペクトル抗生物質。ブドウ球菌やレンサ球菌に有効だが、緑膿菌は耐性を示す。ヒトに対する毒性（再生不良性貧血）のリスクがあるため、獣医眼科での使用は減少している。マイコプラズマやクラミジア結膜炎が疑われる猫の治療に有用。
作用機序
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms → prevents the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome → inhibits peptide bond formation via peptidyl transferase.
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Food-producing animals
- Known hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol
有害事象
- Fatal aplastic anemia in humans (exposure risk)
- Local irritation (rare)
注意事項
Human Toxicity Warning: Chloramphenicol exposure in humans has resulted in fatal aplastic anemia. Use with extreme caution. Clients must use appropriate safeguards (e.g., wearing gloves) when applying the drug and avoid contact with drops or solutions. Must not be used in any food-producing animal.
医薬品相互作用
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of pentobarbital. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of phenobarbital. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of propofol. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of hypoglycaemics.
Accelerates the metabolism of chloramphenicol, decreasing serum levels.
Chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides.
Chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal activity of beta-lactams.
May competitively inhibit macrolide antimicrobials at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
May competitively inhibit lincosamide antimicrobials at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
監視
- Resolution of clinical signs of conjunctivitis/keratitis
- Owner compliance with safety protocols (glove use)
薬物動態
吸収
Can cross the intact corneal barrier and enter the anterior chamber.
分布
Achieves therapeutic levels in the anterior chamber, especially if the blood-ocular barrier is compromised.
過剰投与
Topical ophthalmic overdose is unlikely to cause systemic toxicity in the animal, but prolonged use may disrupt normal ocular flora.
製品
製剤
- Ophthalmic Ointment 1%
- Ophthalmic Drops 0.5%
ヒト用医薬品
- Chloramphenicol 1% Ophthalmic Ointment (Chloromycetin, Chloroptic, generic)
- Chloramphenicol 0.5% Ophthalmic Drops (Chloroptic, generic)
規制ステータス
Banned for use in food-producing animals (Annex IV of Regulation 2377/90).
POM-V. Banned for use in food-producing animals.
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
Drops: Refrigerate until dispensed. Ointment: Store at room temperature.
飼主向け情報
重大な安全上の警告： クロラムフェニコールは、ヒトにおいて稀ですが致命的な血液疾患（再生不良性貧血）を引き起こす可能性があります。
- 取り扱い： 投薬時は必ず手袋を着用してください。使用後は手をよく洗ってください。皮膚、目、口への接触を避けてください。
- 投与方法： 獣医師の指示通りに正確に投与してください。容器の先端が目に触れないようにしてください。
- 制限事項： 食用動物には絶対に使用しないでください。
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