グルカゴン
Glucagon
Polypeptide hormone (29 amino acids)
別名: GlucoGen · GlucaGen HypoKit · Glucagon Emergency Kit · glucagonum · HGF
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
監査済み v13 用量エビデンス
確認済み・計算対象外のエビデンス確認済み・計算対象外のエビデンス (1)
エビデンス表示のみ（自動計算対象外）
Insulinoma hypoglycemic crisis with insufficient response to other therapy
Glucagon 15–40 ng/kg/min CRI (constant rate infusion)
必ず考慮する臨床コンテキスト (1)
- may be helpful in animals with an insufficient response to other types of therapy
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
グルカゴンは肵臓のα2細胞から分泌されるポリペプチドホルモンです。獣医療では主に、インスリノーマやインスリン過剰投与による重度の低血糖の治療に使用されます。また、乳牛の脂肪肝症候群の治療にも可能性が示されています。
作用機序
Glucagon acts as a physiological antagonist to insulin, primarily targeting the liver to increase blood glucose levels.
- Binds to specific glucagon receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of hepatocytes.
- Activates adenylate cyclase → increases intracellular cAMP → activates protein kinase A (PKA).
- This cascade stimulates glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits glycogen synthase, leading to rapid hepatic glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose) and gluconeogenesis.
- Also causes relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle through poorly understood mechanisms (likely cAMP-mediated).
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Normoglycemia
- Pheochromocytoma (in humans)
- Insulinoma (may stimulate insulin release)
有害事象
- Nausea
- Hypokalemia
- Hypersensitivity reactions (very rare)
- Vomiting (main adverse reaction reported in humans)
- Anaphylaxis (rare)
注意事項
Pheochromocytoma Warning: Glucagon should usually not be used in patients with pheochromocytoma as catecholamines may be released leading to hypertension.
- Insulinoma Caution: When used for insulinoma, it must be in a setting where blood glucose can be closely monitored. It can stimulate insulin production, potentially leading to greater rebound hypoglycemia once the drug is discontinued.
- Pregnancy/Nursing: FDA Category B in humans. As an endogenously produced hormone, it is unlikely to cause significant risk to offspring or nursing young.
医薬品相互作用
May have their effects increased when glucagon is concurrently administered; this effect may be delayed. Monitor for bleeding and prothrombin activity.
監視
- Serum potassium (if used other than for acute treatment)
- Blood glucose (hourly)
- Serum potassium (if prolonged infusion)
薬物動態
半減期
吸収
Must be administered parenterally; destroyed in the gut after oral dosing. After IV injection, maximum glucose levels are attained within 30 minutes; hyperglycemic effects persist up to 90 minutes.
分布
Distributes to target organs, primarily the liver.
代謝
Degraded in the plasma, liver, and kidneys.
消失
Rapidly cleared from circulation.
過剰投与
Adverse effects seen with overdose include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastric hypotonicity and, possibly, hypokalemia.
- Because glucagon's elimination half-life is so short (around 10 minutes in humans), treatment may not be necessary and would be symptomatic in nature.
- If the patient is also receiving beta-blockers, greater increases in blood pressure and heart rate may be seen.
製品
製剤
- Powder for injection
- 1 mg vial for reconstitution (Injectable)
ヒト用医薬品
- Glucagon Powder for Injection: 1 mg (1 unit) with 1 mL diluent in vials & syringes
- GlucaGen Diagnostic Kit
- GlucaGen HypoKit
- Glucagon Emergency Kit
- Glucagen 1 mg vial for reconstitution
規制ステータス
Human authorized product used off-label under the cascade.
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
Store commercially available powder for reconstitution at room temperature between 20-25°C (68-77°F); avoid freezing and protect from light. Once reconstituted with the supplied diluent, the solution should be clear with a water-like consistency and used immediately; discard any unused portion. Discard if the solution contains any gel formation or particles.
飼主向け情報
緊急時専用: グルカゴンは通常、ペットの血糖値を継続的に盧視できる動物病院で使用されます。
- 家庭での低血糖: 家庭での緊急処置としてグルカゴンを使用することも可能ですが、経口ブドウ糖シロップ（コーンシロップなど）を歯茎に塗る方が、飼い主にとっては一般的で実用的です。
- モニタリング: ペットが入院してグルカゴンの持続点滴を受けている場合、獣医療チームは血糖値とカリウム値を慎重に盧視します。
- 副作用: 非常に安全で耐容性も良好ですが、軽度の吐き気や嘔吐が起こることがあります。
VetSheet医薬品リファレンスは獣医専門家の臨床意思決定支援を目的としており、専門的判断または製造業者の最新医薬品情報の代替にはなりません。