インスリン
Insulin
Insulin (Regular, Lispro, Isophane/NPH, Protamine Zinc/PZI, Porcine Zinc/Lente, Glargine, Detemir)
別名: Vetsulin · Caninsulin · ProZinc · Humulin · Novolin · Lantus · Levemir · Humalog · Regular insulin · NPH · PZI · Lente · Glargine · Detemir · Lispro · Crystalline Zinc Insulin · Isophane Insulin
VetSheet 獣医チームが監修更新日 2026年4月5日エビデンスに基づく獣医学リファレンス
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
動物種別用量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
犬
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (Intermittent IM technique) | 0.2 Units/kg IM into muscles of the rear legs; repeat IM doses of 0.1 Units/kg hourly. As blood glucose approaches 250 mg/dL, switch to IM regular insulin at 0.1-0.3 Units/kg q4-6h or subcutaneous q6-8h. | IM, SC | hourly, then q4-8h | Until stabilized | 🌎 NA |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (Constant Low-Dose Infusion) | 2.2 Units/kg regular insulin added to 250 ml of 0.9% sterile saline. Adjust infusion rate based upon hourly blood glucose determinations. Once blood glucose approaches 250 mg/dL switch to IM regular insulin every 4-6 hours or SC at 0.1-0.4 Units/kg q6-8h. | IV, then IM/SC | CRI, then q4-8h | Until stabilized | 🌎 NA |
| Severe hyperkalemia (>8 mEq/L) | 0.25-0.5 Units/kg slow IV bolus followed by 50% dextrose (4 mL/U of administered insulin); OR 0.5-1 Units/kg in parenteral fluids plus 2 grams dextrose per unit insulin administered | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Vetsulin) | 0.5 Units/kg SC once daily concurrently with or right after a meal. If twice daily treatment is initiated, the two doses should be 25% less than the once daily dose. Alternatively: 0.5 Units/kg SC twice daily. | SC | q24h or q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (NPH or Lente) | 0.25 Units/kg twice a day | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Glargine) | 0.25-0.5 Units/kg SC q12h | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Detemir) | 0.1-0.2 Units/kg SC q 12 hours | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (Intermittent IM technique): Initial doses may be reduced by 25-50% in animals with severe hypokalemia. Goal is to slowly lower blood glucose to 200-250 mg/dL over 6-10 hours.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (Constant Low-Dose Infusion): Run approx 50 mL of insulin-containing fluid through drip set prior to administration to saturate binding sites.
- Severe hyperkalemia (>8 mEq/L): Use Regular insulin only.
- Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (NPH or Lente): Initial insulin of choice for establishing control.
- Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Glargine): Used in poorly-controlled dogs where NPH/Lente are ineffective due to short duration.
- Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Detemir): Note the lower starting dose; canine receptors are 4x more sensitive to detemir than human receptors.
猫
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (Regular insulin) | Same protocol using regular insulin as described for dogs | IM, IV, SC | Varies | Until stabilized | 🌎 NA |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (Glargine) | 2 Units per cat SC and 1 Unit per cat IM (regardless of body weight) initially; repeat the IM dose 4 or more hours later if BG > 250-290 mg/dL; repeat the SC dose every 12 hours. | SC and IM | Initially, then q12h SC | Until stabilized | 🌎 NA |
| Severe hyperkalemia | 0.5 to 1 Unit/kg IM regular insulin plus 2 grams dextrose per unit of insulin IV | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Glargine, Detemir, or PZI) | Blood glucose <360 mg/dL: 0.25 Units/kg of ideal body weight SC every 12 hours; Blood glucose >=360 mg/dL: 0.5 Units/kg of ideal body weight SC every 12 hours | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (ProZinc) | 0.2-0.7 Units/kg SC every 12 hours given concurrently with or right after a meal | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Vetsulin) | 0.5 Units/kg SC once daily | SC | q24h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
| Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Lente) | 1 Unit per cat SC twice daily for cats <4kg & 1.5-2 Units/cat twice daily for cats >4kg. Alternatively: 0.25 Units/kg SC twice daily if BG 216-342 mg/dL; 0.5 Units/kg SC twice daily if BG>360mg/dL. | SC | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
- Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (Glargine, Detemir, or PZI): If no monitoring in first week, begin with 1 Unit per cat every 12 hours.
- Uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (ProZinc): Goal: glucose nadir between 80 & 150 mg/dL.
フェレット
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.5-1 Unit per ferret SC twice daily. Alternatively: 0.1-0.5 Units/kg IM or SC twice daily to start; adjust to optimal dose. | SC, IM | q12h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
- Diabetes mellitus: May require insulin to be diluted.
鳥
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | Initially, 0.1-0.2 Units/kg regular insulin. When stabilized, NPH insulin can be started. Dose range is 0.067-3.3 Units/kg IM every 12-24 hours. | IM | q12-24h | Lifelong | 🌎 NA |
- Diabetes mellitus: Highly variable dose needed. Monitor for hypoglycemia.
馬
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.51 Unit/kg of PZI insulin OR 0.15 Units/kg IM or SC twice daily | IM, SC | q12h | As needed | 🌎 NA |
| Hyperlipemia in ponies | For a 200 kg pony: PZI 30 Units (total dose) IM every 12 hours on odd days (given with 100 grams glucose orally once daily); PZI 15 Units (total dose) IM every 12 hours on even days (given with 100 grams galactose orally once daily) | IM | q12h | Until hyperlipemia resolves | 🌎 NA |
- Diabetes mellitus: True DM is rare; mostly secondary to pituitary tumors (insulin-resistant).
牛
| 適応 | 用量 | 経路 | 頻度 | 期間 | 地域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjunctive treatment of ketosis | 200 Units (total dose) SC once every 48 hours | SC | q48h | As needed | 🌎 NA |
- Adjunctive treatment of ketosis: Using PZI insulin.
用量は獣医専門家向けの臨床参考資料です。必ず最新の医薬品情報および個別症例に基づいて確認してください。
概要
インスリンは、ランゲルハンス島のβ細胞で産生される重要なペプチドホルモンです。獣医学における糖尿病および糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス（DKA）治療の基礎となります。
製剤は、作用発現と持続時間によって大まかに分類されます：
- 短時間作用型（レギュラー、リスプロ）： 主に病院内でDKAや重度の高カリウム血症の急性期安定化に使用されます。レギュラーインスリンは静脈内投与が可能な唯一の製剤です。
- 中間型（NPH、レンテ）： 犬の維持療法に一般的に使用されます。豚インスリンは犬インスリンと構造的に同一であり、抗インスリン抗体形成のリスクを最小限に抑えます。
- 持続型（PZI、グラルギン、デテミル）： 犬よりもインスリン代謝が速い猫の維持療法に頻繁に使用されます。
臨床のポイント： 猫の糖尿病は人間の2型糖尿病に似ていることが多く、持続型インスリン（グラルギンなど）の早期かつ積極的な使用と低炭水化物食の組み合わせにより、寛解に至る可能性があります。犬の糖尿病は通常、人間の1型糖尿病に似ており、生涯にわたる外因性インスリン療法が必要です。
作用機序
Insulin initiates its action by binding to the tyrosine kinase insulin receptor on the cell membrane.
Mechanism Pathway: Receptor binding → Autophosphorylation → Activation of Insulin Receptor Substrates (IRS) → Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway → Translocation of GLUT4 transport proteins to the cell surface → Rapid facilitated diffusion of glucose into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Metabolic Effects:
- Carbohydrate metabolism: Promotes cellular glucose uptake and hepatic glycogenesis; inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
- Lipid metabolism: Stimulates lipogenesis and potently inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis (crucial for resolving DKA).
- Protein metabolism: Increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis.
- Electrolyte shift: Drives potassium and magnesium into the intracellular space (utilized therapeutically for life-threatening hyperkalemia).
安全性・警告
禁忌
- Episodes of hypoglycemia (absolute contraindication)
- Systemic allergy to pork or pork products (specifically for Vetsulin/porcine lente)
有害事象
- Hypoglycemia (most common and potentially life-threatening)
- Insulin-induced hyperglycemia ('Somogyi effect' due to counter-regulatory hormone release following hypoglycemia)
- Insulin antagonism or resistance
- Rapid insulin metabolism
- Local hypersensitivity reactions to 'foreign' proteins
- Lipodystrophy at the injection site (if sites are not rotated)
注意事項
Because there are no alternatives for insulin in diabetic indications, there are no absolute contraindications except during hypoglycemia.
- Antibody Formation: Beef/pork insulin produces antibody formation in ~45% of dogs, leading to erratic control. Pork insulin is identical to canine insulin and is preferred. Cats have a low incidence of antibody production regardless of source.
- Injection Site: Do not inject at the exact same site day after day to prevent lipodystrophic reactions.
- Prescription Safety: Do NOT abbreviate Units as 'U', as it significantly increases the rate of transcription and fatal dosage errors (often misread as a zero).
医薬品相互作用
Can have variable effects on glycemic control and can mask the clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia.
Can mask the signs associated with hypoglycemia.
Insulin alters serum potassium levels; concurrent use requires close monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias, especially with concurrent diuretics.
May potentiate the hypoglycemic activity of insulin.
May decrease the hypoglycemic activity of insulin (cause insulin resistance).
監視
- Blood glucose (serial curves or continuous monitoring)
- Patient weight
- Appetite and water intake
- Urine output
- Blood or urine ketones (if DKA suspected)
- Fructosamine (goal <450 micromol/L) or glycosylated hemoglobin
薬物動態
半減期
吸収
Varies widely by formulation. Regular insulin has immediate onset IV, and rapid onset (10-30 mins) IM/SC. Intermediate (NPH/Lente) and long-acting (PZI/Glargine/Detemir) formulations form microprecipitates or bind to tissues to delay absorption and prolong effect.
分布
Distributed widely throughout the body. Affects primarily liver, muscle, and adipose tissues.
代謝
Metabolized mainly by the liver and kidneys (also muscle and fat to a lesser degree) by enzymatic reduction to form peptides and amino acids. About 50% of insulin reaching the liver via the portal vein is destroyed.
消失
Filtered by the renal glomeruli and reabsorbed by the tubules, which also degrade it. Severe renal impairment affects clearance more than hepatic disease.
過剰投与
Overdosage of insulin leads to hypoglycemia, which can be rapidly fatal or cause permanent brain damage if untreated.
Clinical Signs:
- Weakness, lethargy, ataxia
- Shaking, muscle fasciculations
- Head tilting, bizarre behavior, blindness
- Restlessness, extreme hunger
- Seizures and coma
Treatment:
- Mild: Offer the animal its usual food.
- Severe (e.g., seizures): Rub oral dextrose solutions (e.g., Karo® syrup) on the oral mucosa (do not pour down the throat to avoid aspiration).
- Veterinary Intervention: Intravenous injections of 50% dextrose solutions (small amounts, slowly administered—usually 2-15 mL).
- Monitoring: Once alleviated (usually within 1-2 minutes), monitor closely with serial blood glucose levels to prevent recurrence (especially with long-acting insulins) and adjust future doses.
製品
製剤
- Regular (Crystalline Zinc) injection
- Lispro injection
- Isophane (NPH) suspension
- Protamine Zinc (PZI) suspension
- Porcine Zinc (Lente) suspension
- Glargine injection
- Detemir injection
動物用医薬品
- Vetsulin (Porcine insulin zinc suspension 40 Units/mL)
- Caninsulin (Porcine insulin zinc suspension 40 Units/mL - Canada/Europe)
- ProZinc (Protamine zinc recombinant human insulin 40 Units/mL)
ヒト用医薬品
- Humulin R / Novolin R (Regular 100 Units/mL)
- Humalog (Lispro 100 Units/mL)
- Humulin N / Novolin N (NPH 100 Units/mL)
- Humulin 70/30 / Novolin 70/30 (NPH/Regular mixture 100 Units/mL)
- Humulin 50/50 (NPH/Regular mixture 100 Units/mL)
- Lantus (Glargine 100 Units/mL)
- Levemir (Detemir 100 Units/mL)
規制ステータス
規制データなし: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
保管・安定性
Store in the refrigerator (36-46°F / 2-8°C). Do not freeze. Avoid direct sunlight and extreme heat. Regular and NPH insulin may be stored in plastic syringes under refrigeration for up to 28 days. Glargine (Lantus) officially has a 28-day discard date at room temp, but clinical reports indicate opened vials stored in the refrigerator can be used for up to 6 months (discard if discolored). Detemir (Levemir) has a 42-day discard date.
飼主向け情報
糖尿病のペットの管理には献身が必要ですが、すぐに日常生活の一部になります。成功のための重要なポイントは以下の通りです：
- 保管： インスリンは冷蔵庫で保管してください。極端な温度はタンパク質を破壊するため、絶対に冷凍したり、暑い車内に放置したりしないでください。注射時の不快感を減らすため、シリンジに吸った後は室温に戻してから注射してください。
- バイアルの取り扱い： 手のひらでバイアルを優しく転がして混ぜます。インスリン分子を破壊する可能性があるため、激しく振らないでください（Vetsulinなどの特定のブランドについて獣医師から特別な指示がある場合を除く）。
- シリンジの安全性： 必ず正しいシリンジを使用してください！U-40シリンジ（赤いキャップ）はU-40インスリン（VetsulinやProZincなど）用です。U-100シリンジ（オレンジのキャップ）はU-100インスリン（グラルギンやNPHなど）用です。これらを混同すると致命的な過剰投与を引き起こす可能性があります。
- 注射の技術： 皮下注射を行います。インスリンの吸収を妨げる皮下のしこりを防ぐため、毎日注射部位をローテーション（例：胸の左側、胸の右側、左脇腹、右脇腹）してください。
- 低血糖： これは緊急事態です。脱力、つまずき、震え、一点を見つめる、または痙攣などの症状に注意してください。これらが起きた場合は、すぐにコーンシロップ（Karoシロップ）またはハチミツをペットの歯茎に塗り、獣医師に連絡してください。痙攣しているペットの口に指を入れないでください。
- 旅行： 飛行機に乗る際は、インスリンを機内持ち込み手荷物に入れてください。X線検査を1回通過する程度なら問題ありませんが、繰り返しの被曝は避けてください。
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