ニタゾキサニド
**ニタゾキサニド**は、広域スペクトルのチアゾリド系抗寄生虫薬および抗菌薬です。 臨床上の重要なポイント: * **広域スペクトル**:さまざまな原虫(住肉胞子虫、ジアルジア、クリプトスポリジウムなど)、線虫、吸虫、および嫌気性細菌(ヘリコバクター・ピロリなど)に対して活性を示します。 * **馬への使用**:歴史的に馬原虫性脊髄脳炎(EPM)用の経口ペースト(Navigator®)としてFDAに承認されていましたが、現在米国市場からは撤退しています。 * **小動物への使用**:犬や猫の難治性クリプトスポリジウムおよびジアルジア感染症に対する適応外使用に関心が寄せられていますが、特に犬において重篤な胃腸の副作用が生じるため、臨床的な有用性は制限されることが多いです。 * **ヒトへの使用**:クリプトスポリジウムおよびジアルジアによる下痢の治療薬としてFDAに承認されており、ヒトでは一般的に非常に良好な忍容性を示します。
作用機序: **Nitazoxanide** acts as a prodrug and is rapidly converted into its active metabolites, **tizoxanide** and **tizoxanide glucuronide**. * **Mechanism**: It inhibits the **pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR)** enzyme-dependent electron transfer reactions. * **Pathway**: Inhibition of PFOR → disruption of essential anaerobic energy metabolism → death of susceptible protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. * Unlike nitroimidazoles (e.g., metronidazole), nitazoxanide does not appear to cause DNA damage, reducing its mutagenic potential.
動物種別の用量
- Cryptosporidia-associated diarrhea · 25 mg/kg PO q12-24h · PO · q12-24h · No drug is consistently effective. Diarrhea sometimes resolves after administration.
- Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona · Days 1-5: 25 mg/kg (11.36 mg/lb) PO once daily; Days 6-28: 50 mg/kg (22.72 mg/lb) PO once daily · PO · once daily · 28 days · Product has been withdrawn from the US market.
- Relapsing EPM · Extend the treatment regimen from 28 to 56 days · PO · once daily · 56 days · Potentially effective therapy for relapsing cases.
用量は獣医療従事者向けの臨床リファレンスです。必ず最新の添付文書と個々の患者で確認してください。
投与経路
禁忌
- Horses less than 1 year of age
- Horses that are sick or debilitated for reasons other than EPM
- Use with extreme caution in stallions and horses predisposed to laminitis
- Animals with compromised renal or hepatic function (safety not established)
有害事象
- Horses: Fever, anorexia, lethargy/depression, decreased gut sounds, diarrhea/enterocolitis, colic, laminitis, head/limb edema
- Horses: 'Treatment crisis' (CNS inflammation secondary to dying protozoa)
- Dogs: Excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea (often therapy-limiting)
- Humans: Yellow discoloration of sclera (rare, reversible)
薬物相互作用
- Highly protein-bound drugs with narrow therapeutic index · Use with caution; tizoxanide is >99% protein bound and may displace or be displaced by other highly bound drugs, potentially altering free drug concentrations.
モニタリング
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of diarrhea or neurological signs)
- Weekly body weight
- Adverse reactions (GI upset, hypersalivation)
- If adverse reactions occur: Physical exam, CBC, serum albumin, total serum protein
過量投与
Information on acute toxicity is limited. * **Horses**: Overdoses of 2.5X have been associated with fatalities. Doses of ~5X labeled dose caused anorexia, diarrhea, and lethargy within 4 days. * **Dogs/Cats**: Oral LD50 is > 10 g/kg. * **Rats**: Repeated doses of 450 mg/kg caused intense salivation and increased liver/spleen weights. * **Humans**: Doses up to 4 grams have been taken without significant adverse effects. > **Treatment**: In the event of an overdose, observe the patient closely and provide supportive care.
VetSheet の薬剤リファレンスは、獣医療従事者向けの臨床意思決定支援を目的としており、専門的判断やメーカーの最新添付文書に代わるものではありません。