겐타마이신 황산염
Gentamicin Sulfate
Gentamicin sulfate
다른 이름: Gentocin · Garamycin · Amtech Gentamax 100 · Gentafuse · Gentaved · Gentozen · Legacy · Garasol · Garacin · Gen-Gard · Clinagel Vet · Easotic · Otomax · Tiacil · Genticin · gentamicin sulphate · gentamicini sulfas · NSC-82261 · Sch-9724 · Gentamicine · Gentamycin
VetSheet 수의사 팀 검수업데이트 2026년 4월 5일근거 기반 수의학 참고자료
감사 완료 v13 용량 근거
구조화 용량 계산 근거Susceptible infections (extra-label)
인증된 수의사 확인 필요
- q24h
NA
반드시 함께 고려할 임상 맥락 (3)
- NOTE: Most infectious disease clinicians agree that aminoglycosides should be dosed once a day in most patients (mammals) with uncompromised renal function. This dosing regimen yields higher peak levels with resultant greater bacterial kill, and as aminoglycosides exhibit a postantibiotic effect, surviving susceptible bacteria generally do not replicate as rapidly even when antibiotic concentrations are below MIC. Periods where levels are low may decrease the adaptive resistance (bacteria take up less drug in the presence of continuous exposure) that can occur. Once-daily dosing may also decrease the toxicity of aminoglycosides, as lower urinary concentrations may mean less uptake into renal tubular cells.
- ■ Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) when possible in patients with uncompromised renal function; highly recommended for patients with risk factors for nephrotoxicity. Peak and trough levels are determined through samples collected 30 minutes after administration (peak) and immediately before administration of the next dose (trough). Generally, peak levels (≈30 to 60 minutes post IV dose) should be greater than 32 μg/mL and trough levels less than 1 – 2 μg/mL. 34 A clinical laboratory may be able to assist in sample-time determination and dosage amount and frequency adjustment.
- Gentamicin sulfate for injection and the oral solution should be stored at room temperature (15°C-30°C [59°F-86°F]); freezing or temperatures above 40°C (104°F) should be avoided. The soluble powder should be stored from 2°C to 30°C (46°F-86°F). Do not store or offer medicated drinking water in rusty containers or the drug may be destroyed.
용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.
개요
겐타마이신은 주로 심각한 그람 음성 호기성 세균 감염에 사용되는 강력한 비경구용 아미노글리코사이드계 항생제입니다.
주요 약리학적 특징은 다음과 같습니다:
- 항균 스펙트럼: 그람 음성 호기성 세균(예: 대장균, 클레브시엘라, 프로테우스, 슈도모나스, 살모넬라) 및 일부 포도상구균에 탁월한 효과가 있습니다. 혐기성 세균, 진균 및 바이러스에는 효과가 없습니다.
- 농도 의존적 살균 활성: 병원체의 최소억제농도(MIC) 대비 높은 최고 혈청 농도 도달 여부가 효능을 결정합니다.
- 항생제 후 효과(PAE): 약물 농도가 MIC 이하로 떨어진 후에도 세균 증식이 억제되며, 이는 현대의 1일 1회 투여 요법을 뒷받침합니다.
- 독성 프로파일: 신독성 및 이독성의 심각한 위험 때문에 전신 투여는 독성이 덜한 대체 약물이 효과가 없는 심각한 감염에만 제한적으로 사용됩니다.
임상 요점: 독성 위험 요인으로는 기존의 신장 질환, 연령(신생아 및 노령동물), 발열, 패혈증 및 탈수가 있습니다. 고양이는 전기관(이독성)의 영향에 특히 민감합니다.
작용 기전
Gentamicin is a concentration-dependent bactericidal antibiotic.
- Mechanism: It actively transports across the bacterial cell membrane via an oxygen-dependent mechanism → irreversibly binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit → causes misreading of mRNA → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, leading to cell death.
- Environmental Factors: Antimicrobial activity is significantly enhanced in an alkaline environment and inhibited in acidic, purulent, or necrotic environments.
- Resistance: Because the transport mechanism requires oxygen, anaerobic bacteria are inherently resistant to all aminoglycosides.
안전성·주의사항
금기사항
- Known hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides
- Use with extreme caution in preexisting renal disease
- Use with caution in working dogs (e.g., seeing-eye, herding, hearing-impaired assistance dogs) due to irreversible ototoxicity
- Use with caution in patients with neuromuscular disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis)
- Do not use in animals with botulism
- Use with caution in rabbits (adversely affects GI flora)
- Use with caution in neonates, geriatrics, and dehydrated patients
- Perforated tympanum (for aural preparations)
- Concurrent use of other nephrotoxic drugs
- Systemic use exceeding 7 days
- Pregnancy
부작용
- Nephrotoxicity (tubular necrosis)
- Ototoxicity (auditory and vestibular; cats are highly sensitive to vestibular effects)
- Facial edema
- Pain or inflammation at the injection site
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Rarely: GI signs, hematologic, and hepatic effects
- Nephrotoxicity (acute tubular necrosis)
- Neuromuscular blockade (rare)
- Delayed epithelial healing of corneal ulcers (ophthalmic use)
- Local irritation
주의
Aminoglycosides are eliminated primarily through renal mechanisms; use cautiously with serum monitoring and dosage adjustments in neonatal or geriatric animals. Sighthound dogs have significantly smaller volumes of distribution and may require reduced dosages. IM injections in horses can cause muscle irritation; IV is preferred. Monitor for antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis in horses (may promote Beta-2 toxin production by C. perfringens).
약물 상호작용
Synergistic effects against some bacteria; however, potential for in vitro inactivation of aminoglycosides (do not mix in the same syringe/bag) and in vivo inactivation in patients with renal failure.
Potential additive nephrotoxicity (well documented with older cephalosporins like cephalothin).
Concurrent use may increase the nephrotoxic or ototoxic potential of aminoglycosides.
Increased risk for nephrotoxicity.
Concomitant use could potentiate neuromuscular blockade.
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
In vitro chemical inactivation (do not mix in same syringe)
Enhanced neuromuscular blockade
모니터링
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of clinical signs, negative cultures)
- Renal toxicity: Baseline and ongoing urinalysis (casts in urine are often the initial sign of impending nephrotoxicity), serum BUN, and creatinine
- Gross monitoring for vestibular (balance) or auditory (hearing) toxicity
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM): Serum levels drawn at 1, 2, and 4 hours post-dose. Peak should be >20 mcg/mL; 4-hour trough should be <10 mcg/mL
- Urinalysis (monitor for cellular casts as an early indicator of tubular damage)
- Serum creatinine and BUN
- Hydration status
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM): Peak >20 μg/ml, Trough <1 μg/ml
- Auditory and vestibular function
약동학
반감기
흡수
Not appreciably absorbed after oral or intrauterine administration. Absorbed from topical administration during surgical irrigations. Bioavailability from extravascular injection (IM or SC) is >90%. Peak levels occur 0.5 to 1 hour after IM administration.
분포
Distributed primarily in extracellular fluid. Accumulates in inner ear and kidneys. Minimal protein binding (<20%). Does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier or penetrate ocular tissue. Vd is 0.15-0.3 L/kg in adult dogs/cats, and 0.26-0.58 L/kg in horses. Crosses the placenta.
대사
Not significantly metabolized.
배설
Eliminated almost entirely by glomerular filtration. Patients with decreased renal function can have significantly prolonged half-lives.
과다투여
In the event of an inadvertent overdose, three treatments are recommended:
- Hemodialysis: Very effective in reducing serum levels, but rarely a viable option in veterinary medicine.
- Peritoneal dialysis: Reduces serum levels but is much less effective than hemodialysis.
- Complexation: Administration of ticarcillin (12-20 g/day in humans) is reportedly nearly as effective as hemodialysis in complexing and deactivating the drug.
제품
제형
- Injection (100 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, etc.)
- Oral solution (5 mg/mL)
- Soluble powder
- Ophthalmic preparations
- Otic preparations
- Topical preparations
- Injectable solution: 40 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml
- Ophthalmic gel: 0.3% w/w
- Ophthalmic drops: 0.5% w/v
- Aural drops/ointment: Combination products (e.g., with miconazole/hydrocortisone or clotrimazole/betamethasone)
동물용의약품
- Gentamicin Sulfate Injection: 100 mg/mL (horses, poultry)
- Gentamicin Sulfate Injection: 5 mg/mL (piglets)
- Gentamicin Sulfate Oral Solution: 5 mg/mL (swine)
- Gentamicin Soluble Powder: 333.33 mg/g and 2 g/30 g (swine)
- Ophthalmic, otic, and topical preparations
- Clinagel Vet (Ophthalmic)
- Easotic (Aural combination)
- Genta (100 mg/ml Injectable)
- Otomax (Aural combination)
- Tiacil (Ophthalmic)
인용의약품
- Gentamicin Sulfate Injection: 40 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 0.9 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 1.4 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL
- Topical, otic, and ophthalmic preparations
- Genticin (40 mg/ml Injectable)
규제 현황
POM-V / POM status
POM-V / POM status
규제 데이터 없음: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
보관·안정성
Store injection and oral solutions at room temperature (15-30°C); avoid freezing or temperatures above 40°C. Store soluble powder from 2-30°C. Do not store or offer medicated drinking water in rusty containers, as the drug may be destroyed.
보호자 정보
겐타마이신은 심각한 감염에 사용하도록 제한된 강력한 항생제입니다.
- 투여 방법: 집에서 피하 주사를 하도록 지시받은 경우, 수의사 팀으로부터 적절한 교육을 받았는지 확인하십시오.
- 독성 위험: 이 약물은 신장 손상(신독성) 및 청력/평형 감각 문제(이독성)의 심각한 위험을 동반합니다.
- 주의 사항: 반려동물이 평소보다 물을 많이 마시거나, 배뇨 횟수가 늘거나 줄어들거나, 구토, 식욕 부진, 귀가 들리지 않는 징후를 보이거나, 고개가 기울어지거나 비틀거리고 균형을 잃는 모습을 보이면 즉시 수의사에게 연락하십시오.
VetSheet 의약품 참고자료는 수의사 전문가의 임상 의사결정 지원을 위한 것이며, 전문적 판단이나 제조사의 최신 약물 정보를 대체할 수 없습니다.