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할로탄

Halothane

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

흡입 전신 마취제InhalationInhalational개고양이소형 포유류새말

다른 이름: Fluothane · Ineltano · phthorothanum · Halothanum

VetSheet 수의사 팀 검수업데이트 2026년 4월 5일근거 기반 수의학 참고자료

3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)Inhalation· Continuous· As needed for procedure

용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.

동물 종별 용량

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

개

적응증용량경로빈도기간지역
General Anesthesia3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
General Anesthesia0.5-3.5%, inhaledInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated)3-4% concentrationInhalationalContinuousUntil induced🌍 EU
Maintenance of anaesthesia0.8-1.0% (MAC)InhalationalContinuousDuration of procedure🌍 EU
  • General Anesthesia: Concentrations are dependent upon fresh gas flow rate.
  • Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated): Delivered via calibrated vaporizer
  • Maintenance of anaesthesia: Adjust according to individual requirement and concurrent drugs

고양이

적응증용량경로빈도기간지역
General Anesthesia3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
General Anesthesia0.5-3.5%, inhaledInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated)3-4% concentrationInhalationalContinuousUntil induced🌍 EU
Maintenance of anaesthesia0.8-1.0% (MAC)InhalationalContinuousDuration of procedure🌍 EU
  • General Anesthesia: Concentrations are dependent upon fresh gas flow rate.
  • Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated): Delivered via calibrated vaporizer
  • Maintenance of anaesthesia: Adjust according to individual requirement and concurrent drugs

소형 포유류

적응증용량경로빈도기간지역
General Anesthesia (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas)Induction: 2%-4%, maintenance: 0.25%-2%InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas): Using a non-rebreathing system.

새

적응증용량경로빈도기간지역
General Anesthesia2% (small birds) or 2.5%-3% (large birds) for induction; 0.5%-1.5% for maintenanceInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia: Induction usually occurs in 2-4 minutes. Recovery takes 3-5 minutes. Bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia may occur but rapidly resolve upon discontinuation.

말

적응증용량경로빈도기간지역
General Anesthesia (Draft Horses)4%-5% initially, maintenance 2.5%-3%InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia (Draft Horses): Administered in an oxygen-enriched semi-closed large animal circle system. Reduce as indicated by physical monitoring.

용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.

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개요

할로탄은 고전적인 ​할로겐화 흡입 전신 마취제​로, 과거에는 강력한 효능, 조절 용이성 및 비인화성 덕분에 수의학에서 주요 마취제로 사용되었습니다.

현대 수의 마취의 기초를 마련했지만, 현재 많은 국가에서 ​거의 도태되어 상업적으로 판매되지 않습니다​. 심혈관 억제 및 간독성 측면에서 안전성이 더 뛰어난 새로운 약물(​이소플루란​, ​세보플루란​, ​데스플루란​ 등)로 널리 대체되었습니다.

​임상 요점:​

  • 현대의 흡입 마취제에 비해 혈액-가스 분배 계수가 높아 마취 유도 및 회복 시간이 더 느립니다.
  • 심근을 카테콜아민에 민감하게 만들어 심실성 부정맥의 위험을 크게 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있습니다.
  • 약물의 약 12%가 간에서 대사되어(이소플루란은 1% 미만) 면역 매개성 간독성(할로탄 간염)을 유발할 잠재적 위험이 있습니다.

작용 기전

The exact mechanism of inhalant anesthetics remains incompletely understood, but involves multiple central nervous system targets:

  • ​Lipid Matrix Interaction:​ Historically explained by the Meyer-Overton rule, halothane interacts with the lipid bilayer of neuronal membranes, disrupting normal ion channel function.
  • ​Receptor Modulation:​ Modern evidence suggests halothane acts via positive allosteric modulation of inhibitory receptors (such as GABA_A and glycine receptors) → enhancing CNS depression.
  • ​Excitatory Inhibition:​ It simultaneously inhibits excitatory receptors (such as NMDA and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) → dampening neuronal excitability.

​Systemic Effects:​

  • Profound CNS depression and blunting of thermoregulatory centers.
  • Increased cerebral blood flow.
  • Dose-dependent respiratory depression (especially pronounced in ruminants).
  • Significant myocardial depression, vasodilation, and hypotension.

안전성·주의사항

금기사항

  • History or predilection towards malignant hyperthermia
  • Significant hepatotoxicity or unexplained fever/jaundice after previous halothane exposure
  • Liver disease
  • Patients with a history of malignant hyperthermia

부작용

  • Dose-related hypotension
  • Cardiac depression and decreased cardiac output
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias (sensitizes myocardium to catecholamines)
  • Malignant hyperthermia-stress syndrome (reported in pigs, horses, dogs, cats)
  • Hepatotoxicity (jaundice, fatal liver necrosis)
  • Respiratory depression
  • Hypothermia
  • Dose-dependent hypotension
  • Bradycardia
  • Decreased myocardial contractility
  • Reduced hepatic blood flow
  • Ventricular arrhythmias
  • Neonatal depression (crosses placental barrier)

주의

​Hepatotoxicity Warning:​ Halothane can cause severe, sometimes fatal, liver necrosis. Do not re-expose patients who have previously shown unexplained fever or jaundice following halothane anesthesia.

  • ​Cardiovascular/Neurologic:​ Use with extreme caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, hepatic impairment, increased intracranial pressure (CSF) or head injury, myasthenia gravis, or pheochromocytoma.
  • ​Pregnancy:​ Categorized as Class C. May be teratogenic; use only when benefits clearly outweigh potential risks.
  • ​Equipment:​ Halothane vapor can react with aluminum, brass, and lead in the presence of moisture. It also causes rapid deterioration of rubber and some plastics.

약물 상호작용

Acetaminophen

Not recommended for post-operative analgesia in patients that have received halothane anesthesia due to increased risk of hepatotoxicity.

Acepromazine

Can decrease requirements of halothane by up to 40%.

Aminoglycosides

Use with caution; additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Lincosamides

Use with caution; additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

Additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Succinylcholine

May induce increased incidences of cardiac effects (bradycardia, arrhythmias, sinus arrest, apnea) and malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients.

Sympathomimetics (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ephedrine, metaraminol)

Halothane sensitizes the myocardium to catecholamines; severe ventricular arrhythmias may result. Use with extreme caution at reduced doses.

d-Tubocurarine

May cause significant hypotension if used with halothane.

SedativesModerate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

Opioid agonistsModerate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

Nitrous oxide (N2O)Moderate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

CatecholaminesMajor

Facilitates the generation of ventricular arrhythmias

모니터링

  • Respiratory and ventilatory status
  • Cardiac rate and rhythm (ECG is highly recommended due to arrhythmogenic potential)
  • Blood pressure (especially in 'at risk' patients)
  • Level of anesthetic depth
  • Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia or malignant hyperthermia)
  • Heart rate and rhythm (ECG)
  • Respiratory rate and depth
  • Capnography (ETCO2)
  • Anaesthetic depth (jaw tone, palpebral reflex)

약동학

흡수

Rapidly absorbed through the lungs into the systemic circulation.

분포

Highly lipid soluble; distributes widely into tissues including the CNS. Distributed into milk.

대사

Approximately 12% of the absorbed drug is metabolized by the liver to trifluoroacetic acid, chlorine, and bromine radicals.

배설

The bulk of the absorbed drug is re-excreted by the lungs and eliminated with expired air. Hepatic metabolites are excreted in the urine.

과다투여

Overdosage of halothane results in profound cardiopulmonary depression, characterized by severe hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and apnea.

​Treatment:​

  1. Immediately turn off the anesthetic vaporizer.
  2. Flush the breathing circuit with 100% oxygen.
  3. Institute positive pressure ventilation.
  4. Provide cardiovascular support (e.g., IV fluid volume expansion, positive inotropes like dobutamine, and anticholinergics for bradycardia).
  5. Lidocaine may be required to treat halothane-induced ventricular dysrhythmias.

제품

제형

  • Inhalation liquid (vaporized for administration)
  • Inhalational liquid: 250 ml bottle

동물용의약품

  • Fluothane 250 ml bottle
  • Halothane POM-V 250 ml bottle

규제 현황

European Union✓ 승인됨처방전의약품EMA
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

POM-V classification.

United Kingdom✓ 승인됨처방전의약품VMD
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

POM-V classification.

규제 데이터 없음: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

보관·안정성

Store below 40°C in a tight, light-resistant container. Halothane stability is maintained by the addition of thymol and ammonia. Thymol does not vaporize and may accumulate in the vaporizer, causing a yellow discoloration (do not use discolored solutions). In the presence of moisture, halothane vapor reacts with aluminum, brass, and lead. It also causes rapid deterioration of rubber and some plastics.

보호자 정보

할로탄은 수술 중 동물이 의식을 잃고 통증을 느끼지 않도록 유지하는 데 사용되는 ​흡입 마취 가스​입니다.

  • ​현대적 사용:​ 과거에는 매우 흔하게 사용되었지만, 오늘날의 동물병원에서는 대부분 더 새롭고 안전한 마취 가스를 사용합니다. 할로탄이 사용된다면, 수의사가 반려동물의 특정 상황에 적합하다고 판단한 것입니다.
  • ​위험성:​ 모든 전신 마취와 마찬가지로 혈압 저하, 심장 박동 변화, 체온 저하 등의 위험이 있습니다. 수의료진은 수술 내내 반려동물의 활력 징후를 면밀히 모니터링할 것입니다.
  • ​마취 후 관리:​ 반려동물이 집에 돌아온 후 하루나 이틀 정도는 몽롱하거나 졸려 할 수 있습니다. 회복하는 동안 따뜻하고 조용하며 안전한 환경을 유지해 주세요.
  • ​주의사항:​ 반려동물이 과거에 마취 후 부작용(특히 원인 불명의 발열이나 간 문제)을 겪은 적이 있다면 반드시 수의사에게 알려주세요.

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