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동물 종별 용량

투여 경로

금기

• Renal impairment (decreased efficacy and increased risk of systemic toxicity)
• Known hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin
• Pregnant patients at term (risk of hemolytic anemia in neonates)
• Neonates
• Rats (high risk of neurotoxicity)
• Significant renal impairment (decreased excretion leads to toxic serum levels)
• Pregnancy (mutagenic properties)
• Pyelonephritis
• Systemic infections outside the urinary tract
• Food-producing animals

이상반응

• Gastrointestinal disturbances (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea)
• Hepatopathy (can be severe or chronic)
• Myasthenic-like effects (rare, reversible in dogs)
• Infertility in male dogs
• Peripheral neuropathy (rare)
• Hemolytic anemia (rare)
• Pneumonitis (rare)
• Emesis
• Diarrhoea
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Hepatotoxicity
• Peripheral neuritis (rare)
• Pulmonary complications (rare)
• Thrombocytopenia (at high doses)
• Anaemia (at high doses)
• Leucopenia (at high doses)

약물 상호작용

• Fluoroquinolones (e.g., enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) · Nitrofurantoin may antagonize the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones; concomitant use should be avoided.
• Food or Anticholinergic drugs · May increase the oral bioavailability and absorption of nitrofurantoin.
• Magnesium trisilicate containing antacids · May inhibit the oral absorption of nitrofurantoin.
• Probenecid · May inhibit the renal excretion of nitrofurantoin, potentially increasing systemic toxicity and reducing its effectiveness in the urinary tract.
• Antimuscarinic drugs · Delays gastric emptying time and increases absorption/bioavailability of nitrofurantoin · moderate
• Food · Delays gastric emptying time and increases absorption/bioavailability of nitrofurantoin · minor
• Fluoroquinolones · Antagonism of antibacterial efficacy · major
• Spironolactone · May increase the hyperkalaemic effects of spironolactone · moderate
• Urine alkalinizing agents · Significantly decreases the antibacterial activity of nitrofurantoin · major

모니터링

• Clinical efficacy (resolution of UTI symptoms, negative urine cultures)
• Adverse effects (especially GI upset)
• Periodic liver function tests (especially with chronic/prophylactic therapy)
• Resolution of clinical signs of UTI
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Renal function (BUN, Creatinine)
• Complete Blood Count (CBC) if used long-term or at high doses
• Liver enzymes

과용량

Because the drug is rapidly absorbed and excreted, patients with normal renal function usually require little therapy for mild overdoses. * **Massive Overdose**: If ingestion was recent, empty the gut using standard protocols (emesis/gastric lavage). * **Monitoring**: Monitor closely for gastrointestinal distress, hepatotoxicity, and neurologic signs. Provide supportive care as needed.