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펜토바르비탈

Pentobarbital

Pentobarbital sodium

바르비투르산계 마취제 / 진정제 / 항경련제IVPOIPITIC개고양이소형 포유류말소돼지양염소

다른 이름: Nembutal · Dolethal · Euthanimal · Euthasal · Euthatal · Euthoxin · Lethobarb · Pentoject · aethaminalum · mebubarbital · mebumal · pentobarbitalum · pentobarbitone · Pentobarbital sodium

VetSheet 수의사 팀 검수업데이트 2026년 4월 5일근거 기반 수의학 참고자료

감사 완료 v13 용량 근거

검토된 비계산 근거
검토된 비계산 근거 (4)

근거 표시 전용 — 자동 계산 불가

Crocodilians

TABLE 127.5. Agent: Pentobarbital. Dosage: 7.5–15 mg/kg ICe, or 8 mg/kg IM18,229. Species/Comments: Crocodilians.

ICeIM
고위험인증된 수의사 확인 필요drug_regimen프로토콜 2019감사 dose-audit-mader-reviewed-v1

근거 표시 전용 — 자동 계산 불가

Snakes/induction, 30–60 min; duration, ≥ 2 hr; prolonged recovery (risk of occasional fatalities); venomous snakes require twice as much as nonvenomous snakes;18 avoid use in lizards

TABLE 127.5. Agent: Pentobarbital. Dosage: 15–30 mg/kg ICe229. Species/Comments: Snakes/induction, 30–60 min; duration, ≥ 2 hr; prolonged recovery (risk of occasional fatalities); venomous snakes require twice as much as nonvenomous snakes;18 avoid use in lizards.

ICe
고위험인증된 수의사 확인 필요drug_regimen프로토콜 2019감사 dose-audit-mader-reviewed-v1

근거 표시 전용 — 자동 계산 불가

Chelonians

TABLE 127.5. Agent: Pentobarbital. Dosage: 10–18 mg/kg ICe229. Species/Comments: Chelonians.

ICe
고위험인증된 수의사 확인 필요drug_regimen프로토콜 2019감사 dose-audit-mader-reviewed-v1

근거 표시 전용 — 자동 계산 불가

Rarely used as an anesthetic agent in reptiles

TABLE 127.5. Agent: Pentobarbital. Dosage: —. Species/Comments: Rarely used as an anesthetic agent in reptiles.

고위험인증된 수의사 확인 필요drug_regimen프로토콜 2019감사 dose-audit-mader-reviewed-v1

용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.

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개요

​펜토바르비탈(Pentobarbital)​은 수의학에서 주로 전신 마취, 화학적 보정 및 난치성 뇌전증 지속상태 관리에 사용되는 단기 작용형 옥시바르비투르산계 약물입니다.

과거에는 전신 마취제로 널리 사용되었으나, 치료 지수가 좁고 심폐 억제 작용이 강해 현재는 더 안전하고 용량 조절이 용이한 약물(예: 프로포폴 또는 알팍살론)로 대부분 대체되었습니다.

​임상 요점:​

  • ​뇌전증 지속상태:​ 난치성 발작 환자를 '바르비투르산 혼수' 상태로 유도하는 데 자주 사용됩니다. 그러나 표준 용량에서는 진정한 항경련 특성이 거의 없는 전신 마취제로 작용하여, 발작의 신체적 증상은 멈추게 하지만 뇌의 기저 발작 활동은 중단시키지 못할 수 있습니다.
  • ​호흡 지원:​ 펜토바르비탈로 치료받는 환자는 심각한 호흡 억제로 인해 일반적으로 기계적 환기 및 중환자실 모니터링이 필요합니다.
  • ​안락사:​ 훨씬 높은 용량에서 펜토바르비탈은 대부분의 동물용 안락사 용액의 주요 활성 성분입니다.
  • ​효소 유도:​ 장기 사용 시 간의 사이토크롬 P450 효소를 강력하게 유도하여 병용하는 많은 약물의 대사를 촉진합니다.

작용 기전

Pentobarbital exerts its profound central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects by interacting with the inhibitory neurotransmitter system.

  • ​GABA_A Receptor Modulation:​ Binds to the barbiturate site on the GABA_A receptor → increases the duration of chloride channel opening → enhances chloride influx → hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuronal membrane.
  • ​Glutamate Inhibition:​ At higher anesthetic doses, it also depresses the actions of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate via AMPA receptors.
  • ​Result:​ Dose-dependent CNS depression ranging from mild sedation to general anesthesia, coma, and fatal respiratory depression.

안전성·주의사항

금기사항

  • Severe hepatic impairment
  • Severe respiratory depression or airway obstruction
  • Porphyria
  • Hypovolemia or severe cardiovascular instability (relative contraindication)
  • Intramuscular (IM) administration (painful and slow to act)
  • Use of euthanasia-specific solutions for seizure control or anesthesia

부작용

  • Profound respiratory depression (apnea)
  • Depression of myocardial metabolism
  • Vasodilation and decreased venous return
  • Hypotension and decreased cardiac perfusion
  • Poikilothermia (hypothermia)
  • Decreased urinary output
  • Seizure-like movements or excitement during recovery from anesthesia
  • Excitement and injury during induction/recovery in large animals (especially horses)
  • Narcotic excitement (if not premedicated)
  • Agonal gasping (reflexive, not a sign of pain)
  • Muscle twitching
  • Vocalization (rare, usually associated with excitement phase)

주의

​Cardiopulmonary Depression:​ Pentobarbital causes dose-dependent respiratory and cardiovascular depression. Patients in a 'barbiturate coma' commonly require mechanical ventilation and intensive care support (e.g., saline infusion and dopamine to manage hypotension).

​Individual Variation:​ There is tremendous individual variation in response when used at standard safe doses. Always titrate to effect.

​Laboratory Interference:​ Barbiturates may cause increased retention of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) and give falsely elevated results. Do not administer within 24 hours before BSP retention tests.

  • ​Equine Use:​ Generally not considered an ideal agent for adult horses due to the possible development of excitement and injury when the animal is 'knocked down'.
  • ​Tissue Irritation:​ Highly alkaline (pH 9-10.5); perivascular injection can cause severe tissue necrosis.

약물 상호작용

Oral Anticoagulants (Warfarin)

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration (due to hepatic enzyme induction)

Beta-blockers

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Chloramphenicol

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Clonazepam

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Corticosteroids

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Cyclosporine

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Doxorubicin

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Doxycycline

Decreased effect (may persist for weeks after barbiturate is discontinued)

Estrogens

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Griseofulvin

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Methadone

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Metronidazole

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Quinidine

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Paroxetine

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Phenothiazines

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Progestins

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Theophylline

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

Verapamil

Decreased effect by lowering serum concentration

AntihistaminesModerate

Increase the CNS depressant effect of pentobarbital

OpioidsMajor

Increase the CNS depressant effect of pentobarbital

모니터링

  • Levels of consciousness and/or seizure control
  • Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth (capnography and pulse oximetry highly recommended)
  • Cardiac signs (heart rate, blood pressure, ECG)
  • Body temperature (monitor for poikilothermia)
  • Routine blood counts and liver function tests (if used chronically)
  • Absence of heartbeat (auscultation)
  • Absence of respiration
  • Loss of corneal reflex
  • Pupillary dilation

약동학

반감기

고양이Approximately 10-15 hours말Approximately 10-20 hours개Approximately 8-12 hours

흡수

Rapidly absorbed following oral or intraperitoneal administration.

분포

Highly lipid soluble; rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert CNS effects. It subsequently redistributes from the brain to highly perfused tissues, and eventually to muscle and fat, which terminates its initial anesthetic effect.

대사

Extensively metabolized in the liver via cytochrome P450 enzymes. Chronic administration induces these enzymes, accelerating its own metabolism and that of other drugs.

배설

Metabolites are primarily excreted by the kidneys.

과다투여

Overdose of pentobarbital leads to profound central nervous system depression, progressing rapidly to coma, severe respiratory depression (apnea), cardiovascular collapse, and death.

  • ​Treatment:​ There is no specific reversal agent for barbiturates. Treatment is entirely supportive.
  • ​Interventions:​ Immediate intubation and mechanical ventilation are required. Intravenous fluids and vasopressors (e.g., dopamine) should be administered to support blood pressure and cardiac output. Maintain body temperature to prevent severe hypothermia.

제품

제형

  • Injection (50 mg/mL)
  • Suppositories
  • Injectable: 200 mg/ml non-sterile aqueous solution
  • Injectable: 400 mg/ml non-sterile aqueous solution
  • Injectable: 500 mg/ml non-sterile aqueous solution

동물용의약품

  • Dolethal 200 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Euthanimal 200 mg/ml / 400 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Euthasal 400 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Euthatal 200 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Euthoxin 500 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Lethobarb 200 mg/ml solution for injection
  • Pentoject 200 mg/ml solution for injection

인용의약품

  • Pentobarbital Sodium Injection: 50 mg/mL in 2 mL Tubex; generic; (WyethAyerst); (Rx, C-II)

규제 현황

European Union✓ 승인됨처방전의약품 · Controlled DrugEMA
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

Carcasses must not enter the food chain.

United Kingdom✓ 승인됨처방전의약품 · Schedule 3VMD
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

POM-V CD SCHEDULE 3. Safe custody requirements apply.

규제 데이터 없음: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

보관·안정성

The injectable product should be stored at room temperature; suppositories should be kept refrigerated. The aqueous solution is not very stable and should not be used if it contains a precipitate. Because precipitates may occur, pentobarbital sodium should not be added to acidic solutions.

보호자 정보

이 약물은 강력한 진정제 및 마취제입니다.

  • ​병원 내 사용:​ 거의 전적으로 동물병원 내에서 전문가의 면밀한 감독 하에, 주로 중환자실 환경에서 사용됩니다.
  • ​가정 내 사용:​ 가정용으로 경구 투여 형태가 처방된 경우, ​수의사의 복용량 지시를 엄격히 준수하는 것이 매우 중요합니다​. 과다 복용은 치명적일 수 있습니다.
  • ​안전성:​ 이 약물은 안전하고 어린이의 손이 닿지 않는 용기에 보관하며, 어린이와 다른 반려동물이 절대 접근할 수 없는 곳에 두어야 합니다. 엄격하게 관리되는 통제 약물입니다.

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