염화칼륨 / 글루콘산칼륨
Potassium Chloride / Potassium Gluconate
Potassium chloride (KCl), Potassium gluconate
다른 이름: Tumil-K · Renakare · Potassiject · Cal-Dextro K · K-G Elixir · Kaon · Kaylixir · Potasoral · Sopa-K · Ultra-K · KCl · cloreto de potassio · E508 · kalii chloridum · kalium chloratum · E577
VetSheet 수의사 팀 검수업데이트 2026년 4월 5일근거 기반 수의학 참고자료
용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.
동물 종별 용량
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
개
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Intravenous replacement | Rate not to exceed 0.5 mEq/hour. Concentration of replacement fluid should exceed 60 mEq/L. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-44 mEq/day depending on body size | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Maintenance IV fluid supplementation | 0.05-0.1 mEq/kg/hour to 0.5 mEq/kg/hour | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L): Can use commercially available oral supplement tablets and elixirs diluted in water.
- Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia: Amounts exceeding >10 mEq/hour to a small animal (<10 kg) can be life-threatening via central line.
- Intravenous replacement: Begin oral supplementation as soon as possible.
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
- Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+: Higher rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour require continuous ECG monitoring.
고양이
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-4 mEq/day | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
말
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counteract potassium depletion in a completely anorectic horse | IV fluids should be supplemented with KCL (at least 50 mEq/hour) | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia with diarrhea | Hypertonic oral KCL pastes | PO | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
소
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypokalemia in 'downer' cows | 80 grams sodium chloride and 20 grams potassium chloride in 10 liters of water via stomach tube. Provide a bucket containing similar solution for cow to drink and another containing fresh water. | PO | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia maintenance/treatment | 50 grams PO daily; 1 mEq/kg/hour IV drip | PO/IV | Daily/Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Severe hypokalemia (<2.3 mEq/L) with severe muscle weakness or recumbency | Isotonic potassium chloride (11.5 grams of potassium chloride per 1 liter of sterile water) at a rate of 4 mL/kg/hour. Combined with large doses of oral potassium salts (i.e., 200 grams of KCl per day). | IV/PO | Continuous/Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.
개요
칼륨은 생명 유지에 필수적인 주요 세포내 전해질입니다. 특히 심장, 골격근, 평활근과 같은 흥분성 조직에서 세포의 안정막 전위를 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다.
임상 요점:
- 저칼륨혈증(낮은 칼륨)은 만성 신장 질환(특히 고양이), 공격적인 이뇨제 사용, 당뇨병성 케톤산증(DKA) 및 심각한 위장관 손실의 흔한 합병증입니다.
- 글루콘산칼륨은 위장관 자극이 적고 가벼운 알칼리화 효과를 제공하므로 일반적으로 경구 보충제로 선호됩니다.
- 염화칼륨(KCl)은 정맥 내 보충의 표준이지만, 치명적인 부정맥을 예방하기 위해 투여 전에 반드시 희석해야 합니다.
- 산염기 불균형(산증은 칼륨을 세포 밖으로 이동시킴)이 있는 경우, 혈청 수치가 정상으로 보이더라도 전신의 칼륨 고갈이 심각할 수 있습니다.
작용 기전
Potassium is the principal intracellular cation in the body. It works primarily via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to maintain the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes.
- Maintains cellular tonicity and resting membrane potential → essential for nerve impulse transmission.
- Regulates smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle contraction.
- Acts as a crucial cofactor in carbohydrate utilization and protein synthesis.
- Essential for the maintenance of normal renal function.
안전성·주의사항
금기사항
- Hyperkalemia
- Renal failure or severe renal impairment
- Severe hemolytic reactions
- Untreated Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
- Acute dehydration
- GI motility impairment (for solid oral dosage forms)
부작용
- Hyperkalemia (muscle weakness, cardiac conduction disturbances)
- Gastrointestinal distress (vomiting, diarrhea) with oral therapy
- Vein irritation and phlebitis with IV therapy
주의
CRITICAL WARNING: Intravenous potassium salts MUST be diluted before administering and given slowly. Rapid IV administration can cause fatal cardiac arrest.
- Maximum standard IV rate: Generally should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. In dire circumstances (<2.0 mEq/L), rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour may be used only with continuous ECG monitoring.
- Assess renal and cardiac function prior to therapy.
- Acid-base balance masks the actual potassium picture: acidosis causes a false elevation (shifts K+ out of cells), while alkalosis causes a falsely low serum value.
- Supplementation should generally occur over 3-5 days to allow equilibration between extracellular and intracellular fluids.
- Use cautiously in digitalized patients.
약물 상호작용
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
In patients with severe or complete heart block receiving digitalis therapy, it is often recommended not to use potassium salts.
Oral potassium given with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects.
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
모니터링
- Serum potassium levels
- Other electrolytes (sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium)
- Acid/base status
- Blood glucose
- ECG (especially during IV administration)
- CBC
- Urinalysis and renal function parameters
약동학
흡수
Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally.
분포
Approximately 98% of total body potassium is found in the intracellular fluid space, while only 2% is in the extracellular fluid space. Plasma pH alters distribution: acidosis shifts potassium out of the intracellular space, and alkalosis shifts potassium into the intracellular space.
대사
Potassium is an elemental ion and is not metabolized.
배설
Primarily (80-90%) excreted via the kidneys, with the majority of the remainder excreted in the feces. Very small amounts may be excreted in perspiration (in animals with sweat glands).
과다투여
Fatal hyperkalemia may develop if potassium salts are administered too rapidly IV or if potassium renal excretory mechanisms are impaired.
Clinical Signs of Hyperkalemia:
- Muscular weakness
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Severe cardiac conduction disturbances (bradycardia, atrial standstill, ventricular fibrillation, asystole)
Treatment of Hyperkalemia:
- Immediate discontinuation of the potassium supplement.
- Continuous ECG, acid/base, and electrolyte monitoring.
- Medical interventions: Glucose/insulin infusions (drives K+ into cells), sodium bicarbonate (alkalinization drives K+ into cells), calcium therapy (cardioprotective, antagonizes K+ effects on the heart), and polystyrene sulfonate resin (binds K+ in the GI tract).
제품
제형
- Intravenous injection concentrate
- Oral tablets
- Oral powder
- Oral gel
- Oral liquid/elixir
동물용의약품
- Potassium Chloride IV Solution: 2 mEq (149 mg) in 10 mL vials (Potassiject)
- Potassium Gluconate Tablets: 2 mEq (468 mg) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Oral Powder: 2 mEq per 0.65 gram (1/4 tsp) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Gel: 2 mEq per 2.34 grams (1/2 tsp) (Tumil-K Gel, Renakare)
인용의약품
- Potassium Chloride for Injection Concentrate: 2 mEq/mL in various vial sizes (Must be diluted)
- Potassium Chloride Tablets, controlled/sustained release tablets and capsules
- Potassium Chloride effervescent tablets, liquids, and powders
규제 현황
규제 데이터 없음: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
보관·안정성
Potassium gluconate oral products and potassium chloride products should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers at room temperature (15-30°C). Protect potassium chloride solutions from freezing.
보호자 정보
중요: 수의사의 명시적인 승인 없이 사람용 칼륨 보충제를 반려동물에게 절대 투여하지 마십시오. 복용량이 매우 구체적이며 과다 복용 시 치명적일 수 있습니다.
- 투여 방법: 위장 장애를 예방하고 기호성을 높이기 위해 경구용 분말, 겔 또는 액체를 반려동물의 사료에 골고루 섞어주십시오.
- 식사 거부: 반려동물이 약이 섞인 사료를 먹지 않으려 한다면 수의사에게 연락하십시오. 강제로 먹이거나 다음 복용량을 두 배로 늘리지 마십시오.
- 모니터링: 근육 약화, 심한 무기력, 구토 또는 설사 증상이 있는지 관찰하십시오. 이러한 증상이 나타나면 즉시 수의사에게 연락하십시오.
- 모든 칼륨 보충제는 어린이와 다른 반려동물의 손이 닿지 않는 곳에 보관하십시오.
VetSheet 의약품 참고자료는 수의사 전문가의 임상 의사결정 지원을 위한 것이며, 전문적 판단이나 제조사의 최신 약물 정보를 대체할 수 없습니다.