틸레타민 / 졸라제팜
Tiletamine / Zolazepam
Tiletamine hydrochloride / Zolazepam hydrochloride
다른 이름: Telazol · CI-634 · CL-399 · CN-54521-2 · CI-716
VetSheet 수의사 팀 검수업데이트 2026년 4월 5일근거 기반 수의학 참고자료
용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.
동물 종별 용량
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
개
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic purposes | 6.6-9.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Minor procedures of short duration | 9.9-13.2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation | 1-2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Diagnostic purposes: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Minor procedures of short duration: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
- Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation: Only if insufficient sedation from opioid, higher dose medetomidine, and midazolam.
고양이
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal | 9.7-11.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration) | 10.6-12.5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy | 14.3-15.8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration): Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
소형 포유류
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 20 mg/kg IP (in combination with xylazine 10 mg/kg) | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Mice) | 80-100 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rats) | 20-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Hamsters/Gerbils) | 20-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Guinea pig) | 10-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Chinchillas) | 20-40 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization/anesthesia (Hamsters) | 50-80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 10-30 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Mice) | 80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Light anesthesia (Rats) | 40 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Guinea pigs) | 40-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents) | 6-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents): Advantages: better muscle relaxation, small volume, rapid induction. Disadvantages: increased secretions, variable recovery.
페렛
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg IM combined with glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) plus butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Sedative/analgesic: Rapid onset, but slow and rough recovery (3-4 hours)
- Sedative/analgesic: Telazol alone
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
새
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia/Restraint (Ratites) | 5 mg/kg | IM/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
파충류
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes) | 3 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Crocodilians) | 4-8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia | 3-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation for minor procedures | 4-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation | 5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes): Administer 30-45 minutes prior to handling. Sedation may persist for up to 48 hours.
- General anesthesia: Lizards/snakes generally lower end; chelonians may require high end. Monitor closely for apnea.
- Sedation for minor procedures: At higher doses (15-40 mg/kg), recovery may be greatly prolonged.
- Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation: Repeat if needed. Higher doses (6 mg/kg) associated with very long recovery times, especially in chelonians (72 hours).
말
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia induction | Xylazine 1.1 mg/kg IV, 5 minutes prior to Telazol at 1.65-2.2 mg/kg IV | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: ARCI UCGFS Class 2 Drug
소
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent for cattle, llamas/alpacas | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Restraint/Anesthesia (Llamas) | 4.7-6 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
양
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Induction agent: Caution: xylazine can cause severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema in sheep.
염소
| 적응증 | 용량 | 경로 | 빈도 | 기간 | 지역 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
용량은 수의사 전문가를 위한 임상 참고자료입니다. 반드시 최신 약물 정보 및 개별 환자에 따라 확인하시기 바랍니다.
개요
틸레타민/졸라제팜(일반적인 상품명: Telazol®)은 수의학에서 널리 사용되는 주사용 마취 및 진정제 복합제입니다. 두 가지 다른 약리학적 제제가 1:1 비율로 혼합되어 있습니다:
- 틸레타민: 케타민과 화학적으로 관련된 해리성 마취제로, 깊은 진통과 기억 상실 효과를 제공합니다.
- 졸라제팜: 벤조디아제핀계 약물로 근육 이완, 항불안 작용을 제공하며 해리성 마취제 단독 사용 시 흔히 발생하는 근육 경직 및 발작 위험을 상쇄합니다.
개와 고양이의 보정, 간단한 시술 및 마취용으로 FDA의 공식 승인을 받았으나, 말, 반추동물, 돼지, 조류, 파충류 및 다양한 특수/야생 동물에게 오프라벨로 광범위하게 사용됩니다.
임상 요점: 두 성분의 작용 시간은 종에 따라 다릅니다. 개의 경우 틸레타민이 졸라제팜보다 오래 지속되어 마취 시간보다 진정 시간이 짧아집니다(회복기가 다소 거칠어질 수 있음). 고양이의 경우 졸라제팜이 틸레타민보다 오래 지속되어 회복기 동안 더 긴 진정 상태를 유지합니다.
작용 기전
The combination works synergistically through two distinct central nervous system pathways:
- Tiletamine acts as a non-competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. By blocking the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate at the NMDA receptor → it prevents calcium influx into neurons → inducing a state of dissociative anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, profound somatic analgesia, and amnesia, while maintaining cranial nerve reflexes (e.g., palpebral, laryngeal).
- Zolazepam acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist. It binds to the benzodiazepine site on the GABA-A receptor complex → enhances the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA → increases chloride ion influx → resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. This provides muscle relaxation, anxiolysis, and anticonvulsant effects, smoothing the induction and recovery phases of the dissociative anesthetic.
안전성·주의사항
금기사항
- Pancreatic disease
- Severe cardiac disease
- Severe pulmonary disease
- Rabbits (due to reports of renal toxicity/nephrosis)
- Large exotic cats, especially tigers (may cause seizures, permanent neurologic abnormalities, or death)
- Cesarean section (crosses placenta, causes fetal respiratory depression)
부작용
- Respiratory depression and transient apnea
- Pain upon IM injection (especially in cats due to low pH)
- Athetoid movements (involuntary writhing/twitching)
- Tachycardia (especially in dogs)
- Emesis during emergence
- Excessive salivation and bronchial/tracheal secretions
- Vocalization and erratic/prolonged recovery
- Hypothermia
- Muscle rigidity or hypertonia
- Hypertension or hypotension
- Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, or cardiac arrest (rare/at high doses)
주의
Renal Dysfunction: Animals with renal disease may experience prolonged duration of anesthetic action or recovery times. Dosages may need reduction in geriatric or debilitated patients.
Hypothermia: May cause significant hypothermia. Susceptible animals (small body surface area, low ambient temperatures) must be monitored carefully and provided supplemental heat.
Reflexes Maintained: Like ketamine, Telazol does not abolish pinnal, palpebral, pedal, laryngeal, and pharyngeal reflexes. Use alone may not be adequate for surgery in these areas.
Ocular Protection: Cats' eyes remain open after administration. Protect from injury and apply an ophthalmic lubricant (e.g., Lacrilube) to prevent corneal drying.
Airway Management: Cats reportedly do not tolerate endotracheal tubes well with this agent alone.
Species Specific Warnings: Contraindicated in tigers and generally avoided in large exotic cats. Not recommended in rabbits due to nephrotoxicity.
약물 상호작용
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
In cats, anesthesia is prolonged on average by 30 minutes. No apparent effect on recovery times in dogs.
Can cause increased respiratory and cardiac depression.
May cause enhanced or prolonged respiratory depression (extrapolated from ketamine).
May induce hypertension and tachycardia (extrapolated from ketamine).
May increase zolazepam (benzodiazepine) levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase hypnotic effects and risk of hypotension/respiratory depression.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
모니터링
- Level of anesthesia and analgesia
- Respiratory function (rate, depth, pulse oximetry)
- Cardiovascular status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
- Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia)
- Eye moisture and corneal integrity (especially in cats)
약동학
반감기
흡수
Onset of action is variable but generally rapid. In cats, IM onset is 1-7 minutes. In dogs, IM onset averages 7.5 minutes.
분포
Crosses the placenta.
대사
Hepatic metabolism. The duration of effect of the two components varies by species (zolazepam lasts longer in cats; tiletamine lasts longer in dogs).
배설
Less than 4% of the drugs are excreted unchanged in the urine in dogs.
과다투여
The manufacturer claims a 2X margin of safety in dogs and a 4.5X margin of safety in cats.
- Clinical Signs: Excessive respiratory depression, prolonged anesthesia, potential cardiovascular collapse.
- Treatment: In massive overdoses, mechanically assisted ventilation should be performed if necessary. Treat other clinical signs symptomatically and supportively.
- Reversal/Stimulation: A preliminary study in dogs suggests that doxapram at 5.5 mg/kg will enhance respirations and arousal after Telazol administration.
Note: High doses of tiletamine have caused acute tubular necrosis in New Zealand white rabbits.
제품
제형
- Injectable lyophilized powder for reconstitution: 50 mg/mL tiletamine + 50 mg/mL zolazepam (100 mg/mL combined)
동물용의약품
- Telazol® (Pfizer): Tiletamine HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) and Zolazepam HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) as lyophilized powder in 5 mL vials. Reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water yields 50 mg/mL of each drug (100 mg/mL combined). (Rx, C-III)
규제 현황
규제 데이터 없음: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
보관·안정성
After reconstitution, solutions may be stored for 4 days at room temperature and 14 days if refrigerated. Do not use solutions that contain a precipitate or are discolored.
보호자 정보
이 약물은 주사용 마취 및 진정제로, 시술 중 반려동물을 안전하게 진정시키거나 마취하기 위해 동물병원 내에서 수의학 전문가에 의해서만 사용됩니다.
- 회복기: 약효가 떨어지면서 반려동물의 회복이 지연되거나 약간 불안정한 모습(소리 냄, 근육 떨림, 몽롱함 등)을 보일 수 있습니다. 이는 정상적인 반응이나, 완전히 회복될 때까지 조용하고 안전하며 따뜻한 환경에 두어야 합니다.
- 눈 관리: 이 약물은 진정 중에도 눈을 뜨고 있게 할 수 있으므로, 수의사가 안구를 보호하기 위해 안연고를 발라줄 것입니다. 시술 후 눈 주위에 연고가 남아 있을 수 있습니다.
- 체온: 약물로 인해 체온이 떨어질 수 있으므로 회복하는 동안 반려동물을 따뜻하게 해주는 것이 좋습니다.
VetSheet 의약품 참고자료는 수의사 전문가의 임상 의사결정 지원을 위한 것이며, 전문적 판단이나 제조사의 최신 약물 정보를 대체할 수 없습니다.