Flavoxate

Flavoxate is a urinary antispasmodic used primarily as an alternative treatment for **detrusor hyperspasticity** (hyperactive bladder or urge incontinence) in dogs. * It is particularly useful in refractory cases where standard therapies like **phenylpropanolamine (PPA)** alone have failed to achieve continence. * > **Clinical Pearl:** While not commonly used in veterinary medicine due to limited pharmacokinetic data, its dual action as a smooth muscle relaxant and antimuscarinic makes it a valuable second-line or adjunctive agent for urge incontinence.

กลไกการออกฤทธิ์: Flavoxate exerts its effects through two primary mechanisms: * **Direct Smooth Muscle Relaxation**: It acts directly on the smooth muscle of the urinary tract, reducing spasms and increasing bladder capacity. * **Antimuscarinic Activity**: It competitively antagonizes **muscarinic acetylcholine receptors** in the detrusor muscle → inhibits parasympathetic nerve impulses → reduces involuntary bladder contractions. Unlike pure anticholinergics, its direct musculotropic effect provides targeted relief of urinary tract spasms.

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