Miltefosine
**Miltefosine** is an oral **antileishmanial** agent primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat **canine leishmaniasis (CanL)**, a severe systemic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan *Leishmania infantum*. - Originally developed as an **antineoplastic** (anti-cancer) drug. - **Clinical Pearl**: While it significantly reduces the parasitic load and improves clinical signs, it rarely achieves complete parasitological cure. Remission is the primary therapeutic goal. - Efficacy is markedly improved when used in combination with **allopurinol**. - It is an orphan drug in human medicine and is not commercially available as a veterinary-labeled product in the USA, though it is widely used in endemic regions (e.g., Europe).
กลไกการออกฤทธิ์: Miltefosine is an **alkylphosphocholine** (phospholipid derivative). Its exact mechanism against *Leishmania* is multifactorial: - **Inhibits macrophage penetration**: Interacts with **glycosomes** and **glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchors** that are essential for the parasite's intracellular survival. - **Enzyme inhibition**: Inhibits **phospholipase** → disrupts parasite membrane signal transduction and lipid metabolism. - **Apoptosis induction**: Triggers apoptosis-like cell death in the parasite by disrupting lipid rafts in the cell membrane. - Additionally, miltefosine exhibits mild antineoplastic, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties.
ขนาดยาตามชนิดสัตว์
- Canine leishmaniasis · 2 mg/kg PO · PO · once a day · 28 days · Poured onto food, with a full or partial meal.
- Canine leishmaniasis (alternative treatment to meglumine antimoniate) · 2 mg/kg PO · PO · once daily · 28 days · Use with allopurinol (10 mg/kg PO q12h, orally for at least 6 months).
- Leishmaniosis · 2 mg/kg · PO · q24h · 28 days · It is particularly important that the full course is completed and given with allopurinol. Pour on feed to reduce digestive side effects.
ขนาดยาเป็นข้อมูลอ้างอิงทางคลินิกสำหรับสัตวแพทย์ผู้มีใบอนุญาต โปรดตรวจสอบกับฉลากล่าสุดและผู้ป่วยแต่ละรายเสมอ
วิธีการให้ยา
ข้อห้ามใช้
- Hypersensitivity to miltefosine
- Pregnant animals
- Lactating animals
- Breeding animals
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
อาการไม่พึงประสงค์
- Vomiting (most common)
- Diarrhea
- Inappetence
- Potential nephrotoxicity
- Potential hepatotoxicity
- Vomiting (moderate, transient)
- Diarrhoea (moderate, transient)
การติดตาม
- Baseline and periodic renal function
- Hepatic enzymes
- Adverse effects (especially vomiting)
- Patient weight
- Clinical signs of leishmaniosis
- Gastrointestinal signs (vomiting, diarrhoea)
การได้รับยาเกินขนาด
Overdoses are likely to cause severe **gastrointestinal signs** (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia). In cases of massive overdose, there is a potential for **hepatic, renal, and retinal toxicity**. There is **no specific antidote** for miltefosine overdose; treatment should consist of prompt gastrointestinal decontamination (if recent and patient is asymptomatic) followed by aggressive supportive care (IV fluids, antiemetics, hepatoprotectants).
ข้อมูลอ้างอิงยาของ VetSheet มีไว้สำหรับสัตวแพทย์ผู้มีใบอนุญาตเพื่อช่วยในการตัดสินใจทางคลินิก ไม่ใช่สิ่งทดแทนการวินิจฉัยของผู้เชี่ยวชาญหรือฉลากล่าสุดของผู้ผลิต