Sodium chloride
**Sodium chloride** is a fundamental crystalloid fluid used in veterinary medicine for fluid replacement, electrolyte balance, and as a drug diluent. It is available in hypotonic, isotonic (normal saline), and hypertonic formulations. > **Clinical Pearl:** Hypertonic saline is a potent volume expander used in shock but requires careful monitoring of serum sodium levels and follow-up with isotonic fluids.
กลไกการออกฤทธิ์: Isotonic and hypertonic formulations expand **plasma volume** and replace lost extracellular fluid. Hypotonic formulations provide free water and may promote oedema formation. When used for fluid replacement, NaCl (0.45% and 0.9%) will expand the plasma volume compartment. → Compared with colloids, 2.5 to 3.0 times as much fluid must be given because the crystalloid is distributed to other fluid compartments.
ขนาดยาตามชนิดสัตว์
- Intravenous fluid replacement (including hypercalcaemia or hyperchloraemic alkalosis) · Dose not specified in monograph · IV · As directed · As needed · Treatment of choice for hypercalcaemia or hyperchloraemic alkalosis.
- Shock (rapid blood volume expansion) · Rate must not exceed 1 ml/kg/min · IV · As directed · Preoperative period or acute crisis · Use hypertonic saline. Must monitor serum sodium and follow with isotonic crystalloid.
- Corneal oedema · Dose not specified in monograph · Topical · As directed · As needed · Use 5% hypertonic ophthalmic ointment.
- Hypoadrenocorticism (long-term management) · Dose not specified in monograph · PO · As directed · Long-term · Enteric-coated products may have unpredictable efficacy in dogs.
- Intravenous fluid replacement · Dose not specified in monograph · IV · As directed · As needed · Treatment of choice for hypercalcaemia or hyperchloraemic alkalosis.
- Shock (rapid blood volume expansion) · Rate must not exceed 1 ml/kg/min · IV · As directed · Preoperative period or acute crisis · Use hypertonic saline. Must monitor serum sodium and follow with isotonic crystalloid.
- Corneal oedema · Dose not specified in monograph · Topical · As directed · As needed · Use 5% hypertonic ophthalmic ointment.
ขนาดยาเป็นข้อมูลอ้างอิงทางคลินิกสำหรับสัตวแพทย์ผู้มีใบอนุญาต โปรดตรวจสอบกับฉลากล่าสุดและผู้ป่วยแต่ละรายเสมอ
วิธีการให้ยา
ข้อห้ามใช้
- Dehydrated animals (Hypertonic saline)
- Hypovolaemic animals (Hypotonic solutions)
อาการไม่พึงประสงค์
- Peripheral oedema
- Hyperchloraemic acidosis (especially in compromised patients)
- Vagally mediated bradycardia (if hypertonic saline is administered >1 ml/kg/min)
- Stinging sensation (ophthalmic ointment)
การติดตาม
- Serum sodium concentrations (especially before and after hypertonic saline)
- Acid-base status (monitor for acidosis)
- Heart rate (monitor for bradycardia during rapid hypertonic infusion)
- Hydration status and fluid balance
การได้รับยาเกินขนาด
Excessive administration of normal saline can increase the risk of **hyperchloraemic acidosis** and **peripheral oedema**. Administration of hypertonic saline at fluid rates >1 ml/kg/min can cause a **vagally mediated bradycardia**.
ข้อมูลอ้างอิงยาของ VetSheet มีไว้สำหรับสัตวแพทย์ผู้มีใบอนุญาตเพื่อช่วยในการตัดสินใจทางคลินิก ไม่ใช่สิ่งทดแทนการวินิจฉัยของผู้เชี่ยวชาญหรือฉลากล่าสุดของผู้ผลิต