Stanozolol

**Stanozolol** is a synthetic **anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS)** derived from testosterone. Historically, it was widely used in veterinary medicine to improve appetite, promote weight gain, increase strength and vitality, and treat anemia associated with chronic disease. While FDA-approved commercial products (such as Winstrol®-V) are no longer marketed in the USA, the drug remains available through veterinary compounding pharmacies. > **Clinical Pearl:** Stanozolol has a notoriously high incidence of **hepatotoxicity in cats**. Its use in feline patients is highly discouraged unless absolutely necessary, and requires extreme caution and rigorous monitoring. Though it possesses a higher anabolic-to-androgenic ratio compared to endogenous testosterone, androgenic side effects (such as behavioral changes and reproductive suppression) can still occur, particularly with prolonged use or high doses. It is a **controlled substance** due to its potential for human abuse.

กลไกการออกฤทธิ์: Stanozolol is highly lipophilic and diffuses across the cell membrane to bind with intracellular **androgen receptors**. * **Anabolic Pathway:** The receptor-hormone complex translocates to the nucleus → binds to specific DNA sequences (hormone response elements) → modulates transcription of target genes → increases **protein synthesis** (anabolism), promotes a positive nitrogen balance, and induces muscle hypertrophy. * **Erythropoietic Pathway:** Stimulates the production of **erythropoietin** in the kidneys → stimulates bone marrow → increases red blood cell production (useful in treating anemia of chronic disease). * **Fibrinolytic Pathway:** Enhances fibrinolysis after parenteral injection, which provides a theoretical basis for its use in treating feline aortic thromboembolism or thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome.

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