乙酸 / 醋酸
Acetic Acid
Ethanoic acid
別名: White vinegar · E260 · eisessig · glacial acetic acid · essigsaure · etanoico · ethanoic acid
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterolith prevention | 250 mL/450 kg body weight PO | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- Enterolith prevention: Using vinegar.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putrefaction of rumen associated with a high rumen pH | 4-10 liters of vinegar | PO/Intraruminal | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of urea poisoning | 2-6 liters into rumen | Intraruminal | may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of urea poisoning: Using 5% acetic acid (vinegar). Recovery ranges from 8-24 hours. A post-recovery pro-biotic rumen inoculation may enhance the gain and productivity of urea poisoned animals.
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of urea poisoning | Infuse 5% acetic acid (vinegar) into rumen; may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur | Intraruminal | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of urea poisoning: Dose volume not explicitly specified for sheep in monograph, but indicated for ruminants generally.
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of urea poisoning | Infuse 5% acetic acid (vinegar) into rumen; may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur | Intraruminal | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of urea poisoning: Dose volume not explicitly specified for goats in monograph, but indicated for ruminants generally.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
乙酸（通常以3-5%的稀釋形式被稱為醋）是一種主要用於大型動物醫學的胃腸道酸化劑。
- 反芻動物：用於治療非蛋白氮（如尿素）引起的氨中毒，是一種挽救生命的療法。
- 馬：作為預防性治療，透過降低結腸pH值來防止腸結石的形成。
臨床提示：務必確認濃度！一般雜貨店販售的蒸餾白醋通常含有3-5%的乙酸，是獸醫急診中最安全、最易取得的形式。高濃度形式（如冰醋酸）具有高度腐蝕性，在處理和稀釋時必須極度小心。
作用機制
The primary mechanism of action relies on altering the pH of the gastrointestinal tract:
- Ion Trapping (Ruminants): Lowers rumen pH → shifts toxic, un-ionized ammonia (NH3) to the ionized ammonium ion (NH4+) → NH4+ cannot easily cross cell membranes, significantly reducing systemic absorption of toxic ammonia into the bloodstream.
- Enzyme Inhibition: Slows the hydrolysis of urea by rumen microbes.
- Mineral Solubility (Horses): Lowering the colonic pH increases the solubility of minerals (such as magnesium and phosphorus), preventing them from precipitating and forming enteroliths.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Potential lactic acidosis (grain overload, rumen acidosis)
不良反應
- Mucous membrane irritation
- Unpleasant taste
注意事項
Should not be administered to ruminants until potential lactic acidosis (grain overload, rumen acidosis) is ruled out. Because of the unpleasant taste and potential for causing mucous membrane irritation, administration via stomach tube is generally recommended. If diluting concentrated forms, use safety precautions to protect eyes and skin, and have calculations double-checked to prevent serious corrosive injury.
藥物相互作用
Due to its acidic qualities, it could potentially affect the degradation or absorption of several drugs in the gut.
監測
- Rumen pH
- Clinical signs of ammonia toxicosis (e.g., tremors, tachypnea, convulsions)
- Resolution of clinical signs
藥物動力學
吸收
No information was noted.
分佈
No information was noted.
代謝
No information was noted.
排除
No information was noted.
過量
When used for appropriate indications, there is little likelihood of serious toxicity occurring after minor overdoses. Due to its potential corrosiveness, the greatest concern would occur if a concentrated form of acetic acid (e.g., glacial acetic acid) was mistakenly used instead of a diluted form (3-5%).
可用產品
劑型
- Vinegar (3-5% w/v acetic acid)
- Diluted Acetic Acid NF (5.7-6.3% w/v acetic acid)
- Acetic Acid USP (36-37% acetic acid)
- Glacial Acetic Acid (C2H4O2)
獸醫用
- None commercially available
人用標示
- None commercially available systemically. Distilled white vinegar (3-5% acetic acid) is available in grocery stores. Concentrated forms are available from chemical supply houses.
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Acetic acid solutions should be stored in airtight containers.
飼主須知
這是什麼：乙酸是常見家用醋的活性成分。
用途：
- 在牛羊中，它是治療尿素中毒的急救藥物。
- 在馬中，它有助於預防腸結石的形成。
安全性：除非獸醫特別指示，否則請始終使用標準的家用白醋（3-5%）。切勿使用高濃度的工業乙酸，因為它具有高度腐蝕性且非常危險。
給藥方式：由於其強烈的不良氣味和可能刺激口腔及喉嚨，通常由獸醫透過胃管直接將其注入胃中。
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