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活性碳

Activated Charcoal

Active carbon

胃腸道吸附劑 / 解毒劑POOrogastric tubeNasogastric tube狗貓馬牛羊山羊

別名: Toxiban · D-Tox-Besc · UAA Gel · CharcoAid · Actidose-Aqua · Charcodote · Liqui-Char · Active carbon · Activated carbon · Carbo activatus · Adsorbent charcoal · Decolorizing carbon · Medicinal charcoal

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

1-4 g/kgPO/Nasogastric tube· q4-6h· As needed for toxins that are recirculated
— 🐕

劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Gastrointestinal absorbent10 mL of a 20% slurry (1 g of charcoal in 5 mL of water) per kgPO/Orogastric tubeSingle dose—🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-4 g/kgPO/Nasogastric tubeq4-6hAs needed for toxins that are recirculated🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-4 g/kg in 50-200 mL of waterPOSingle or repeated doses—🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-5 g/kgPOSingle dose—🌎 NA
After toxin ingestion0.5-4 g/kgPORepeat dosing as required if emesis or massive toxin ingestion occurs, or for highly lipid-soluble toxinsAs needed🌍 EU
  • Acute poisoning: After decontamination of the GI tract
  • Acute poisoning: Concurrent with or within 30 minutes of giving charcoal, give an osmotic cathartic.
  • Acute poisoning: Diluted in water at 1 g charcoal/5-10 mL water. Follow in 30 minutes with sodium sulfate oral cathartic.
  • After toxin ingestion: Administer as a slurry in water. General rule: administer at a dose of at least 10 times the volume of intoxicant ingested.

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Gastrointestinal absorbent10 mL of a 20% slurry (1 g of charcoal in 5 mL of water) per kgPO/Orogastric tubeSingle dose—🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-4 g/kgPO/Nasogastric tubeq4-6hAs needed for toxins that are recirculated🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-4 g/kg in 50-200 mL of waterPOSingle or repeated doses—🌎 NA
Acute poisoning1-5 g/kgPOSingle dose—🌎 NA
After toxin ingestion0.5-4 g/kgPORepeat dosing as required if emesis or massive toxin ingestion occurs, or for highly lipid-soluble toxinsAs needed🌍 EU
  • Acute poisoning: After decontamination of the GI tract
  • Acute poisoning: Concurrent with or within 30 minutes of giving charcoal, give an osmotic cathartic.
  • Acute poisoning: Diluted in water at 1 g charcoal/5-10 mL water. Follow in 30 minutes with sodium sulfate oral cathartic.
  • After toxin ingestion: Administer as a slurry in water. General rule: administer at a dose of at least 10 times the volume of intoxicant ingested.

馬

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
ToxicityFoals: 250 grams (minimum). Adult horses: up to 750 grams.Nasogastric tubeSingle dose—🌎 NA
Plant intoxications1-5 g/kgPOSingle or multiple doses—🌎 NA
  • Toxicity: Make a slurry by mixing with up to 4 L of warm water. Leave in stomach for 20-30 minutes and then give a laxative.
  • Plant intoxications: Mix with cathartic if no diarrhea is present.

牛

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Plant intoxications1-5 g/kgPOSingle or multiple doses—🌎 NA
  • Plant intoxications: Mix with cathartic (e.g., sodium/magnesium sulfate 250-500 mg/kg or sorbitol 70% 3 ml/kg) if no diarrhea is present.

羊

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Plant intoxications1-5 g/kgPOSingle or multiple doses—🌎 NA
  • Plant intoxications: Mix with cathartic (e.g., sodium/magnesium sulfate 250-500 mg/kg or sorbitol 70% 3 ml/kg) if no diarrhea is present.

山羊

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Plant intoxications1-5 g/kgPOSingle or multiple doses—🌎 NA
  • Plant intoxications: Mix with cathartic (e.g., sodium/magnesium sulfate 250-500 mg/kg or sorbitol 70% 3 ml/kg) if no diarrhea is present.

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概覽

活性碳是一種高度多孔的黑色細粉末，在急診中作為​胃腸道吸附劑​，用於處理特定的毒物和藥物過量。

  • ​臨床要點​：它可作為多種有機化合物的廣效吸附劑，但其療效很大程度上取決於給藥時機（理想情況下為攝入後1-2小時內）以及毒物的特定化學性質。
  • 對於小分子、高極性或水溶性化合物（如無機酸、強鹼、酒精、硫酸亞鐵、鋰、硝酸鹽、氯化鈉/氯酸鹽或石油餾分），它​沒有效用​。
  • 由於表面積較大，泥狀或懸浮液通常比壓縮錠劑更有效。

作用機制

Activated charcoal possesses an extremely large surface area. It binds to toxins in the upper GI tract via ion-ion interactions, hydrogen bonding, dipole forces, and Van der Waals forces.

  • Mechanism: Toxin binds to charcoal in the gut lumen → forms a stable charcoal-toxin complex → prevents systemic absorption → complex is excreted safely in the feces.
  • Enterohepatic Recirculation: For drugs that undergo enterohepatic recycling, repeated doses of activated charcoal can act as a "gut dialyzer," pulling systemic toxins back into the GI lumen to be trapped and excreted.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Ingestion of mineral acids or caustic alkalis (ineffective and may obscure endoscopic evaluation)
  • Patients lacking a gag reflex or actively vomiting (unless airway is protected via intubation)
  • GI obstruction or perforation

不良反應

  • Emesis (especially with rapid administration)
  • Aspiration pneumonia (if aspirated)
  • Constipation or diarrhea
  • Black feces
  • Hypernatremia (especially in small dogs and cats)
  • Loose stools and vomiting (associated with sorbitol-containing products)

注意事項

WARNING: Extreme caution must be used to prevent aspiration, which can lead to severe, potentially fatal aspiration pneumonia. In symptomatic animals, administer via an orogastric tube with a cuffed endotracheal tube in place.

  • Hypernatremia Risk: Small dogs and cats are at risk for hypernatremia due to osmotic fluid shifts into the GI tract. Monitor closely.
  • Cathartic Use: To prevent severe diarrhea and dehydration, if multiple doses of activated charcoal are administered, only the first dose should contain an osmotic cathartic (e.g., sorbitol).
  • Mess Hazard: Charcoal powder stains fabrics easily and dry powder tends to float and cover wide areas.

藥物相互作用

Other orally administered therapeutic agents

Charcoal will adsorb other drugs; separate administration by at least 3 hours.

Dairy products

May reduce the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal.

Mineral oil

May reduce the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal.

Polyethylene glycol / Electrolyte solutions (e.g., Go-Lytely)

May reduce the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal.

All orally administered drugsMajor

Reduces the absorption and therefore efficacy of orally administered drugs

監測

  • Toxin/drug serum levels (if applicable)
  • Clinical signs of the specific toxicity
  • Serum sodium levels (especially if patient develops neurologic signs like tremors, ataxia, or seizures)

藥物動力學

吸收

Activated charcoal is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

分佈

Remains entirely within the gastrointestinal lumen.

代謝

Not metabolized.

排除

Excreted unchanged in the feces as a charcoal-toxin complex.

過量

Overdosage or overly rapid administration can cause severe electrolyte abnormalities, specifically hypernatremia, due to an osmotic effect pulling water into the GI tract. Treat with reduced sodium fluids (e.g., D5W, 0.45% NaCl) and warm water enemas to alleviate the condition.

可用產品

劑型

  • Granules
  • Suspension with Sorbitol
  • Gel/Paste
  • Oral Powder

獸醫用

  • Toxiban Granules (Activated charcoal 47.5%, Kaolin 10%)
  • Toxiban Suspension (Activated charcoal 10.4%, Kaolin 6.25%)
  • Toxiban Suspension with Sorbitol (Activated charcoal 10%, Kaolin 6.25%, sorbitol 10%)
  • D-Tox-Besc Gel/Paste (Activated Charcoal 10%, Attapulgite 20%, electrolytes)
  • UAA (Universal Animal Antidote) Gel

人用標示

  • Activated Charcoal Oral Powder (15 g, 30 g, 40 g, 120 g, 240 g)
  • CharcoAid / Actidose with Sorbitol Oral Liquid/Suspension
  • CharcoAid 2000 / Actidose-Aqua Liquid/Suspension without sorbitol
  • CharcoAid 2000 Oral Granules

各地核准狀態

European Union✓ 已核准EMA
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

Widely available as a general antidote/adsorbent.

United Kingdom✓ 已核准VMD
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

Pharmacy (P) classification for some human formulations.

暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Store activated charcoal in well-closed glass or metal containers or in the manufacturer's supplied container to prevent exposure to moisture and air.

飼主須知

​重要提示​：此藥物通常應在獸醫的專業監督下使用。

  • 如果在門診基礎上使用，給藥後必須觀察寵物至少4小時，以防出現與高血鈉相關的症狀（虛弱、步態不穩、震顫、抽搐）。如果出現這些情況，請立即尋求獸醫協助。
  • 請預期您寵物的糞便在幾天內會呈現黑色。
  • ​警告​：活性碳粉末非常容易弄髒環境，且會永久性地染污布料、地毯和衣物。

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