白蛋白（人源與犬源）
Albumin (Human and Canine)
Albumin
別名: Albuminar · Albutein · Buminate · Plasbumin · Flexbumin · albumine · HSA · albuinum · Salt-poor albumin
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Refractory hypotension or severe hypoalbuminemia (using 25% Human Albumin) | Test dose of 0.25 mL/kg/h is given over 15 minutes. The maximum volume administered to any dog by the author is 25 mL/kg (6.25 g/kg) administered continuously over 72 hours; the mean volume administered to any dog overall is 5 mL/kg (1.25 g/kg). The maximum volume given as a slow push or bolus to treat hypotension is 4 mL/kg (1 gram/kg), with a mean volume of 2 mL/kg (0.5 g/kg). The range for a continuous rate infusion (CRI) after a bolus administration is 0.1 to 1.7 mL/kg/h (0.025-0.425 g/kg) over 4 to 72 hours. | IV | CRI or bolus | 4 to 72 hours | 🌎 NA |
| Marked hypoalbuminemia (using 10% Human Albumin) | albumin deficit (g) = 10 X (serum albumin desired - serum albumin of patient) X body weight (kg) X 0.3. Alternatively, some dogs received 0.5 to 1.25 g/kg. | IV | over a 12-hour period | 12 hours | 🌎 NA |
| Hypovolemic shock or hypoalbuminemia (using Canine Albumin 5g lyophilized) | A total of 2.5-5 mL/kg body weight is recommended. Administer IV at a dosage rate of 1 mL/min. | IV | Single dose | Until calculated volume is administered | 🌎 NA |
- Refractory hypotension or severe hypoalbuminemia (using 25% Human Albumin): Discontinue infusion if adverse signs develop. Infusions are empirically selected to meet low normal values.
- Marked hypoalbuminemia (using 10% Human Albumin): Dilute 25% human albumin to a 10% solution with 0.9% NaCl. Administer with a transfusion filter. No dog is eligible for additional human albumin after 7 days following initial administration.
- Hypovolemic shock or hypoalbuminemia (using Canine Albumin 5g lyophilized): Dilute to 16% (add 30 mL of diluent such as sterile normal saline, Normosol or dextrose 5%).
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
白蛋白是一種天然蛋白質膠體，主要用於重症監護環境中，以治療嚴重的低白蛋白血症和低血容。它在維持血管內膠體滲透壓方面扮演著關鍵角色。
- 人血清白蛋白 (HSA)： 由於容易取得，常在獸醫學中使用，但將其作為「異種白蛋白」用於犬貓會帶來嚴重的、甚至致命的免疫介導過敏反應風險。
- 犬專用白蛋白： 市面上有凍乾粉產品，能顯著降低物種特異性過敏反應的風險，但與人源白蛋白相比，其臨床數據仍然有限。
臨床要點： 強烈不建議在健康的犬隻身上使用人源白蛋白（例如僅用於擴充血容），因為與免疫力低下的重症病患相比，健康犬隻發生嚴重遲發性過敏反應（第三型/血清病）的機率更高。
作用機制
Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for maintaining intravascular volume.
- Oncotic Pressure: Provides 75-80% of the oncotic pressure of plasma → reduces hydrostatic pressure → prevents crystalloid fluids from leaking into the interstitium → decreases edema and improves organ perfusion.
- Transport & Binding: Acts as a carrier protein, binding and transporting drugs, ions, hormones, lipids, and metals (like iron).
- Endothelial & Systemic Effects: Maintains endothelial integrity, exerts antioxidant properties (via thiol groups), aids in acid-base balance, decreases platelet aggregation, and augments antithrombin activity.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- History of hypersensitivity to albumin (human or canine)
- Repeat administration of xeno-albumin (human albumin in dogs) beyond 7 days
- Healthy animals with simple volume depletion (avoid xeno-albumin)
- Pre-existing conditions resulting in volume overload
- Severe anemia or extreme dehydration (unless concurrent RBCs or appropriate crystalloid fluids are administered first)
不良反應
- Immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis, facial edema, vomiting, urticaria, hyperthermia, shock)
- Delayed hypersensitivity / Type III serum sickness (lethargy, lameness, peripheral edema, cutaneous lesions/vasculitis, renal failure, coagulopathies)
- Volume overload
- Diarrhea
- Tremors
- Perivascular inflammation at catheter sites
注意事項
Extreme Caution Required: Thoughtful consideration must be taken when deciding to administer human albumin to critically ill dogs due to the high risk of complications.
- Hypersensitivity: Both immediate (anaphylactoid) and delayed (Type III/serum sickness) reactions can occur and have been fatal.
- Monitoring: Frequent monitoring of vital signs, oncotic pressure, and albumin levels is mandatory.
- Infectious Agents: While risk is low, transmission of infectious agents from pooled albumin products is theoretically possible.
藥物相互作用
Exogenous albumin may bind to these drugs, potentially affecting the amount of free (active) drug circulating, though this rarely appears to be clinically significant.
監測
- Pre- and post-infusion serum albumin (target 2.0-2.5 g/dL)
- Pre- and post-infusion colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
- Vital signs: body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and heart rate
- Signs of volume overload (e.g., increased respiratory effort, chemosis)
- Immediate hypersensitivity (facial edema, vomiting, urticaria)
- Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (can occur weeks after administration)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Administered intravenously, resulting in immediate and complete bioavailability.
分佈
Endogenous circulating albumin represents 30-40% of total body albumin. It distributes primarily within the intravascular space but equilibrates with the extravascular space.
代謝
Degraded primarily by the vascular endothelium and liver into amino acids.
排除
Elimination of exogenously administered canine albumin is estimated to be between 20-24 days.
過量
Overdosage can lead to hyperalbuminemia and hyperproteinemia, resulting in severe volume overload and hyperviscosity. To avoid these effects, serum albumin levels should be closely monitored. Most experts recommend that serum albumin should not exceed 2.5 g/dL (some suggest a strict maximum of 2.0 g/dL) when used clinically.
可用產品
劑型
- 20% solution (Human)
- 25% solution (Human)
- 98% lyophilized powder, 5 g (Canine)
獸醫用
- Albumin, Canine, 98% lyophilized 5 g (without preservatives)
人用標示
- Albumin, Human 5% in 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL & 500 mL glass containers
- Albumin, Human 25% in 20 mL, 50 mL & 100 mL vials or flex containers
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Human 5% solution: Stable for 3 years if stored below 30°C (89°F). Protect from freezing. Human 20% & 25% solutions: Store below 30°C (86°F). Do not freeze. Human products contain no preservatives; discard any unused portion within 4 hours of entering the vial. Canine lyophilized product: Store refrigerated at 4-6°C. Stable for 15 months. Once rehydrated, store in the refrigerator and use within 24 hours.
飼主須知
- 需要住院： 此藥物必須在住院和重症監護環境下，由獸醫嚴格監控給藥。
- 風險與益處： 雖然白蛋白可以透過改善血壓和減少體液積聚來挽救生命，但在寵物身上使用人源白蛋白會帶來嚴重的過敏反應風險。
- 遲發性反應： 請注意，不良反應（如嗜睡、關節疼痛或腫脹）可能會在您的寵物回家後數天至數週內發生。如果您發現任何異常跡象，請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
- 費用： 治療費用可能很高，且需要密集的醫療監測。
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