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氯化銨

Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium chloride

尿液酸化劑POIVRectal (for specific testing only)狗貓馬牛羊山羊

別名: Uroeze · UriKare · Muriate of ammonia · Sal ammoniac

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

20 mg/kg PO three times dailyPO· q8h
— 🐕

劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Adjunctive therapy for struvite uroliths20 mg/kg PO three times dailyPOq8h—🌎 NA
To enhance the renal elimination of certain toxins/drugs200 mg/kg/day divided four times dailyPOq6h—🌎 NA
To enhance elimination of strontium0.2-0.5 grams PO 3-4 times a dayPOq6-8h—🌎 NA
Ammonia tolerance testing (ATT)2 mL/kg of a 5% solution of ammonium chloride deep in the rectum, blood sampled at 20 minutes and 40 minutes; or oral challenge with ammonium chloride 100 mg/kg (maximum dose = 3 grams) either in solution: dissolved in 20-50 mL warm water or in gelatin capsules, blood sampled at 30 and 60 minutes.Rectal/POOnce—🌎 NA
  • To enhance elimination of strontium: Used with calcium salts

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Struvite dissolution therapy if diet and antimicrobials do not result in acid urine or to help prevent idiopathic FUS in a non-obstructed cat20 mg/kg PO twice dailyPOq12h—🌎 NA
Adjunctive therapy for struvite uroliths20 mg/kg PO twice dailyPOq12h—🌎 NA

馬

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General dosing4-15 grams POPOUnknown—🌎 NA
Urinary acidifier60-520 mg/kg PO dailyPOq24h—🌎 NA
Urinary acidifier to enhance renal excretion of strychnine132 mg/kg POPOUnknown—🌎 NA
  • Urinary acidifier: Unpalatable; dose via stomach tube or dosing syringe

牛

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Urolithiasis prevention200 mg/kg POPOUnknown—🌎 NA
Urolithiasis prevention15-30 grams POPOUnknown—🌎 NA

羊

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Urolithiasis prevention300 mg/kg POPOUnknown—🌎 NA
Urolithiasis prevention0.5-1% of the daily dry matterPODaily—🌎 NA
  • Urolithiasis prevention: Table sugar may improve palatability

山羊

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Urolithiasis prevention300 mg/kg POPOUnknown—🌎 NA
Urolithiasis prevention0.5-1% of the daily dry matterPODaily—🌎 NA
  • Urolithiasis prevention: Table sugar may improve palatability

劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。

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概覽

​氯化銨​是一種全身性及尿液酸化劑。

  • ​主要用途：​ 預防和溶解特定類型的尿結石（如磷酸銨鎂結石），促進特定毒素（如鍶、番木鱉鹼）或藥物（如奎尼丁）的腎臟排泄，並提高某些抗菌藥物在泌尿道中的療效。
  • ​代謝性鹼中毒：​ 可透過靜脈注射快速糾正嚴重的代謝性鹼中毒。
  • ​臨床要點：​ 由於高效能的磷酸銨鎂溶解處方飼料（本身會引起酸性尿）的普及，目前已很少建議貓咪使用氯化銨來控制結石。但它仍是小型反芻動物預防尿結石的常用藥物，儘管飲食中的粗飼料與精飼料比例會顯著影響其療效。

作用機制

Ammonium chloride induces acidification through hepatic metabolism:

  • ​Dissociation:​ In vivo, it dissociates into chloride and ammonium ions.
  • ​Hepatic Conversion:​ The liver converts the ammonium cation to urea, releasing a ​hydrogen ion (H⁺)​.
  • ​Acidification Pathway:​ H⁺ combines with bicarbonate → H₂O + CO₂. This depletes extracellular alkaline reserves, decreasing serum bicarbonate and lowering both blood and urine pH.
  • ​Renal Excretion:​ Excess chloride ions exceed tubular reabsorption capacity and are excreted alongside cations (mainly sodium) and water, causing a mild, transient diuretic effect.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Severe hepatic disease
  • Uremia
  • Urate calculi
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Severe renal insufficiency with metabolic alkalosis secondary to vomiting

不良反應

  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Gastric irritation
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Pain at injection site (IV)
  • Increased risk of calcium oxalate urolith formation (cats)

注意事項

Contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic disease (ammonia may accumulate causing toxicity) and uremic patients (intensifies metabolic acidosis). Do not administer subcutaneously, rectally (except for specific ammonia tolerance testing), or intraperitoneally. Use with caution in patients with pulmonary insufficiency or cardiac edema. A high roughage/concentrate ratio diet can decrease the urine pH lowering effect in horses.

藥物相互作用

Aminoglycosides

Urine acidification may diminish effectiveness in treating bacterial urinary tract infections

Erythromycin

Urine acidification may diminish effectiveness in treating bacterial urinary tract infections

Quinidine

Urine acidification may increase renal excretion

監測

  • Urine pH (goal is ≤6.5)
  • Blood pH (if clinical signs of toxicity or treating metabolic alkalosis)
  • Serum electrolytes (with chronic use or treating metabolic acidosis)
  • Carbon dioxide combining power of serum (prior to IV use to prevent serious acidosis)

藥物動力學

吸收

Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in humans. No specific veterinary data available.

代謝

The ammonium cation is converted by the liver to urea with the release of a hydrogen ion.

排除

Excess chloride ions are excreted by the kidneys with cations (principally sodium) and water.

過量

​Clinical Signs:​ Nausea, vomiting, excessive thirst, hyperventilation, bradycardia or other arrhythmias, and progressive CNS depression. Laboratory results may show profound acidosis and hypokalemia.

​Treatment:​

  • Correct acidosis by administering sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate intravenously.
  • Treat hypokalemia using a suitable oral (if possible) potassium product.
  • Perform intense, ongoing acid-base and electrolyte monitoring until the patient is stable.

可用產品

劑型

  • Tablets
  • Granules
  • Powder (feed grade)
  • Injection

獸醫用

  • Ammonium Chloride Tablets: 200 mg, 400 mg (UriKare)
  • Ammonium Chloride Granules: 200 mg per 1/4 teaspoonful powder (Uroeze 200, UriKare 200)
  • Ammonium Chloride Granules: 400 mg per 1/4 teaspoonful powder (Uroeze, UriKare 400)
  • Feed grade ammonium chloride (available from feed mills for large animals)

人用標示

  • Ammonium Chloride Injection: 26.75% (5 mEq/mL) in 20 mL (100 mEq) vials

各地核准狀態

暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Ammonium chloride for injection should be stored at room temperature; avoid freezing. At low temperatures, crystallization may occur; it may be resolubilized by warming to room temperature in a water bath.

飼主須知

​重要提示：​ 如果您的寵物出現噁心、嘔吐、過度口渴、呼吸急促（過度換氣）或持續的嗜睡等中毒跡象，請立即聯繫您的獸醫。

  • ​適口性：​ 藥粉具有極苦的味道，寵物可能會拒絕食用混有此藥物的食物。
  • ​家畜提示：​ 對於山羊和綿羊，加入一般的食用糖（避免使用糖蜜）有助於掩蓋苦味並提高接受度。

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