黑寡婦蜘蛛抗毒血清
黑寡婦蜘蛛抗毒血清是一種用於治療黑寡婦蜘蛛（*Latrodectus mactans*）咬傷中毒的救命生物製劑。 **臨床重點：** * **物種敏感性：** 貓、駱駝和馬對黑寡婦蜘蛛毒素極度敏感。 * **毒性特徵：** 主要毒性症狀由毒液中強效的神經毒素（特別是 α-latrotoxin）引起，會導致神經傳導物質大量釋放，進而引發嚴重的肌肉痙攣、僵硬和自主神經不穩定。 * **取得困難度：** 獸醫師可能難以取得罕見物種的抗毒血清。強烈建議聯繫毒物控制中心以獲取最新的採購與治療建議。
作用機制: Antivenins act by directly neutralizing the complex protein venoms in the patient's systemic circulation. * **Mechanism:** The product provides **passive immunization** via concentrated serum globulins obtained from horses previously immunized with black widow spider venom. * **Pharmacodynamic Pathway:** The antibodies bind to **alpha-latrotoxin** → prevents the toxin from forming pores in presynaptic neuronal membranes → halts the massive, uncoordinated influx of calcium and subsequent depletion of neurotransmitter vesicles (like acetylcholine and norepinephrine). * In humans, clinical symptoms typically begin to subside within 1-2 hours after administration.
各物種劑量
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation · After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. · IV · Single dose · 30 minutes · Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation · Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. · IV · Single dose · 2-6 hours
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation · After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. · IV · Single dose · 30 minutes · Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation · Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. · IV · Single dose · 2-6 hours
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Known severe hypersensitivity to equine serum (relative contraindication in life-threatening envenomation)
不良反應
- Anaphylaxis (incidence <2%)
- Anaphylactoid reactions (nausea, pruritus, hyperemia of the inner pinna)
- Serum sickness (delayed hypersensitivity)
藥物相互作用
- Beta-blockers · May mask the early signs associated with anaphylaxis
監測
- Signs associated with an allergic response to the antivenin (anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid-reactions, serum sickness)
- Respiratory/cardiac rate
- Blood pressure
- Serum chemistry (blood glucose mandatory)
- CBC
- Urine output; urinalysis
過量
Specific overdosage information is not provided. However, excessive administration of serum products increases the risk of volume overload and severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and serum sickness.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。