阿斯匹靈
Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic Acid
別名: ASA · Bayer · Ecotrin · Bufferin · Ascriptin · Alka-Seltzer · Empirin · Halfprin · Aspirin BP · Acetylsalicylic acid · Acidum acetylsalicylicum · Salicylic acid acetate · Acetylsal acid · Polopiryna
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For analgesia | 10 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| As an antiinflammatory/antirheumatic | 25 mg/kg PO q8h | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For antipyrexia | 10 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Post-Adulticide therapy for heartworm disease | 7-10 mg/kg PO once a day | PO | once a day | — | 🌎 NA |
| For adjunctive therapy in IMHA (antithrombotic) | 0.5 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| For adjunctive therapy of glomerular disease (antithrombotic) | 0.5 mg/kg PO q24h | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For adjunctive therapy with azathioprine and glucocorticoids for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia | 0.5 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| As an analgesic/antiinflammatory prior to elective intraocular surgery | 6.5 mg/kg two to three times daily | PO | two to three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Reduction of platelet aggregation (e.g. IMHA) | 0.5-1 mg/kg | PO | q24h | — | 🌍 EU |
| Analgesia, pyrexia, inflammation | 10-20 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌍 EU |
- For analgesia: Recommend using buffered varieties of aspirin in dogs.
- For adjunctive therapy in IMHA (antithrombotic): At this low dose risk for gastric ulceration is low, but adding misoprostol may reduce the risk.
- Reduction of platelet aggregation (e.g. IMHA): Alternatively 0.5 mg/kg p.o. q12h. Doses are anecdotal.
- Analgesia, pyrexia, inflammation: Safety and efficacy of this dose has not been established.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For analgesia/antipyrexia/antiinflammatory | One 'baby' aspirin (81 mg) PO every 2-3 days | PO | every 2-3 days | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia/antipyrexia/antiinflammatory | 10 mg/kg PO every other day | PO | every other day | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia/antipyrexia/antiinflammatory | 10 mg/kg PO q48-72h in food | PO | q48-72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For prophylaxis of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) | 5 mg (total dose) per cat PO q72hours (every 3rd day) | PO | q72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For prophylaxis of arterial thromboembolism | 81 mg (total dose; one 'baby' aspirin) q72hours (every 3rd day) | PO | q72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For prevention of thromboembolism (High dose) | 40 mg per cat PO q72h | PO | q72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For prevention of thromboembolism (Low dose) | 5 mg per cat PO q72h | PO | q72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Reduction of platelet aggregation (low dose) | 18.75 mg (1/4 of a 75 mg tablet) per average sized cat | PO | 3 days a week | — | 🌍 EU |
| Reduction of platelet aggregation (high dose) | 75 mg per average sized cat | PO | 3 days a week | — | 🌍 EU |
| Reduction of platelet aggregation (very low dose) | 0.5 mg/kg | PO | q24h | — | 🌍 EU |
- For prophylaxis of arterial thromboembolism: Likely a weaker, but less expensive option than clopidogrel/LMWH. Recommended in all cats with atrial enlargement and cardiomyopathy.
- Reduction of platelet aggregation (low dose): Safety and efficacy not fully evaluated.
- Reduction of platelet aggregation (high dose): May be associated with a higher risk of GI side effects.
- Reduction of platelet aggregation (very low dose): Suggested to inhibit platelet COX without preventing beneficial prostacyclin production.
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For low grade analgesia (Rabbits) | 5-20 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| General use (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters) | 100-150 mg/kg PO q4h | PO | q4h | — | 🌎 NA |
| General use (Guinea pigs) | 87 mg/kg PO | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
雪貂
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General use | 10-20 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- General use: Has short duration of activity in ferrets.
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General use | 5 grams in 250 mL of water as sole water source | PO | continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- General use: Because of significant hydrolysis, solution should be freshly prepared every 12 hours if stored at room temperature or every 4 days if refrigerated at 5°C.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For analgesia (Mature Horses) | two to four 240 grain boluses PO | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia (Foals) | one to two 240 grain boluses | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia | 25 mg/kg PO q12h initially, then 10 mg/kg once daily | PO | q12h initially, then once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia | 15-100 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| For anti-platelet activity as an adjunctive treatment of laminitis | 5-10 mg/kg PO q24-48 hours or 20 mg/kg PO every 4-5 days | PO | q24-48h or every 4-5 days | — | 🌎 NA |
- For analgesia (Mature Horses): Allow animals to drink water after administration.
- For analgesia (Foals): Allow animals to drink water after administration.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For analgesia/antipyrexia | 100 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia/antipyrexia (Mature Cattle) | two to four 240 grain boluses PO | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia/antipyrexia (Calves) | one to two 240 grain boluses | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- For analgesia/antipyrexia (Mature Cattle): Allow animals to drink water after administration.
- For analgesia/antipyrexia (Calves): Allow animals to drink water after administration.
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For analgesia | 10 mg/kg q4h PO | PO | q4h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For analgesia | 10 mg/kg q6h PO | PO | q6h | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
阿斯匹靈 (乙醯水楊酸) 是一種經典的非類固醇消炎止痛藥 (NSAID)，廣泛應用於多種獸醫物種，具有鎮痛、解熱和抗發炎的特性。
除了疼痛管理外，阿斯匹靈在獸醫學中的獨特價值在於其抗血小板作用。它常被用作狗（例如：免疫介導性溶血性貧血、心絲蟲病或腎小球疾病）和貓（例如：預防繼發於肥厚型心肌病的動脈血栓栓塞）的抗血栓藥物。
臨床要點： 貓咪使用阿斯匹靈必須極度謹慎。貓科動物體內缺乏代謝水楊酸所需的葡萄糖醛酸轉移酶 (glucuronyl transferase)。這導致藥物半衰期大幅延長（貓可達 45 小時，而狗僅約 8 小時），如果給藥過於頻繁，極易造成致命的藥物蓄積和中毒。
作用機制
Aspirin exerts its effects primarily through the irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, with a strong affinity for COX-1.
- Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic: Inhibits COX-1 (and to a lesser extent COX-2) → decreases synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
- Antiplatelet Effect: Irreversibly acetylates COX-1 in platelets → blocks the synthesis of Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Because platelets lack a nucleus, they cannot synthesize new COX enzymes; thus, the antiplatelet effect lasts for the lifespan of the platelet (typically 7-10 days).
- Gastric Protection Modulator: While aspirin does not directly inhibit COX-2, it modifies it to interact with lipoxygenase (LOX) → produces aspirin-triggered lipoxin (ATL), which provides some gastric mucosal protective actions, potentially explaining why gastric damage may decrease with chronic use.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to salicylates
- Active gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcers
- Bleeding disorders (relative contraindication)
- Asthma (relative contraindication)
- Renal insufficiency (relative contraindication)
- Pregnancy (especially later stages; low-grade teratogen and may delay labor)
不良反應
- Gastric irritation (nausea, anorexia, vomiting)
- Gastrointestinal ulceration and occult blood loss
- Secondary anemia or hypoproteinemia (due to chronic GI blood loss)
- Metabolic acidosis (especially in cats)
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rare in dogs)
注意事項
Hepatic and Renal Function: Use with extreme caution and enhanced monitoring in patients with severe hepatic failure or diminished renal function.
Hypoalbuminemia: Because aspirin is highly protein-bound, patients with low albumin may require lower dosages to prevent toxicity from increased free drug levels.
Surgical Procedures: Due to irreversible platelet inhibition, aspirin therapy should ideally be halted one week prior to elective surgical procedures to prevent excessive bleeding.
Species Specifics: Must be used with extreme caution in cats due to their inability to rapidly metabolize salicylates. Use cautiously in neonatal animals, as adult doses may lead to toxicity.
藥物相互作用
Significantly increases the renal excretion of salicylates; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause systemic acidosis and increase CNS salicylate levels, leading to toxicity.
May increase the likelihood of nephrotoxicity.
May increase salicylate clearance (decreasing serum levels) and significantly increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding.
Aspirin may increase plasma levels of digoxin by decreasing its clearance.
May compete with renal excretion of aspirin, delaying its elimination and potentially causing toxicity at high doses.
Increased risk of bleeding due to synergistic antiplatelet/anticoagulant effects.
Aspirin may displace methotrexate from plasma proteins, increasing the risk of methotrexate toxicity.
Increased risk of severe GI ulceration. A washout period of 3-10 days is recommended when switching from aspirin to a COX-2 selective NSAID.
May increase the rate of aspirin metabolism by inducing hepatic enzymes.
Aspirin may antagonize the uricosuric effects of these drugs.
Aspirin may inhibit the diuretic activity of spironolactone.
Antacids in buffered aspirin may chelate tetracyclines; separate doses by at least one hour.
Can decrease the urinary excretion of salicylates, potentially leading to accumulation.
Increased risk of GI ulceration. Do not administer concurrently (Exception: specific protocols for IMHA treatment).
監測
- Analgesic and/or antipyretic efficacy
- Bleeding times (if indicated)
- Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- Stool guaiac tests (for occult GI bleeding)
- Acid-base status (in cases of overdose)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapidly absorbed from the stomach and proximal small intestine in monogastric animals. Absorption is slow from the GI tract in cattle, but approximately 70% of an oral dose is absorbed.
分佈
Widely distributed throughout the body. Highest levels in liver, heart, lungs, renal cortex, and plasma. Highly protein bound (90% at lower concentrations, 70% at higher concentrations). Crosses the placenta and is excreted in milk.
代謝
Metabolized in the liver primarily by conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid via glucuronyl transferase. Cats are deficient in this pathway, leading to prolonged half-lives and susceptibility to accumulation.
排除
Rapidly excreted by the kidneys via both filtration and renal tubular secretion. Excretion is highly pH dependent and can be significantly increased by raising urine pH to 5-8.
過量
Clinical Signs of Acute Toxicity:
- Early signs: Depression, vomiting (may be blood-tinged), anorexia, hyperthermia, panting/increased respiratory rate.
- Acid-Base Disturbances: Initially, a respiratory alkalosis occurs due to hyperventilation, followed by a profound metabolic acidosis.
- Severe signs: Muscular weakness, pulmonary and cerebral edema, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, ataxia, seizures, coma, and death.
Treatment Protocol:
- Decontamination: Emesis (if within 12 hours of ingestion), activated charcoal, and an oral cathartic. Gastric lavage with 3-5% sodium bicarbonate may delay absorption.
- Fluid Therapy: IV fluids (e.g., Dextrose 5% in water) to correct dehydration.
- Alkaline Diuresis: Forced alkaline diuresis with sodium bicarbonate enhances renal excretion, but should only be attempted if acid-base status can be monitored. Mannitol (1-2 g/kg/hr) may enhance diuresis.
- Supportive Care: GI protectants. Control seizures with IV diazepam.
- Coagulopathy Management: Phytonadione (Vitamin K1) at 2.5 mg/kg divided q8-12h and ascorbic acid (though ascorbic acid may negate urinary alkalinization).
- Heroic Measures: Peritoneal dialysis or exchange transfusions in severe cases.
可用產品
劑型
- Tablets (plain, enteric-coated, chewable, buffered)
- Extended-release tablets
- Boluses (240 grain, 480 grain)
- Oral gel
- Powder
- Granules
- Liquid concentrate
獸醫用
- Aspirin Tablets (Enteric-Coated): 81 mg
- Aspirin Tablets (Buffered, Microencapsulated, Chewable for dogs): 150 mg & 450 mg
- Aspirin Tablets 60 grain (3.9 g)
- Aspirin Boluses 240 grain (15.6 g)
- Aspirin Boluses 480 grain (31.2 g)
- Oral Aspirin Gel: 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL
- Aspirin Powder: 50% acetylsalicylic acid in base
- Aspirin Granules: 2.5 gram per 39 mL scoop
- Aspirin Liquid Concentrate (equiv to 12% aspirin)
人用標示
- Aspirin Chewable Tablets: 81 mg
- Aspirin Tablets (plain uncoated): 325 mg & 500 mg
- Aspirin Tablets (enteric coated): 81 mg, 165 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg, 650 mg, & 800 mg
- Aspirin Extended-controlled Release Tablets: 81 mg, 650 mg, 800 mg & 975 mg
- Aspirin Tablets (buffered uncoated): 325 mg & 500 mg
- Aspirin Tablets (buffered coated): 325 mg & 500 mg
各地核准狀態
Available as human generic (Aspirin BP) and component of many others.
Available as human generic (Aspirin BP) and component of many others.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store tablets in tight, moisture-resistant containers. Aspirin is stable in dry air but readily hydrolyzes to acetate and salicylate when exposed to water or moist air. Do not use if a strong vinegar-like odor is noted, as this indicates degradation.
飼主須知
- 注意出血跡象： 如果您發現寵物有胃潰瘍或出血的跡象，例如黑色柏油狀糞便、嘔吐物看起來像咖啡渣、食慾不振或嚴重嗜睡，請立即聯繫您的獸醫師。
- 嚴格遵守劑量： 絕對不要給予超過處方劑量的阿斯匹靈，也不要增加給藥頻率。這對貓咪尤其重要，因為牠們代謝阿斯匹靈的速度非常慢，標準的人類劑量很容易導致貓咪致命中毒。
- 食用動物停藥期： 雖然 FDA 沒有官方的停藥期規定，但為了保護對水楊酸敏感的人群，建議產乳或產肉動物至少有 1 天的停藥期。
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