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巴比妥類藥物

Barbiturates

Barbituric acid derivatives

別名: Phenobarbital · Pentobarbital · Thiopental · Methohexital · Barbituric acid derivatives

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

各物種劑量

此藥的劑量資料尚未收錄於 VetSheet 藥典,以下其他章節資料完整。處方前請參閱最新藥品說明書。

概覽

巴比妥類藥物是一類作為​中樞神經系統(CNS)抑制劑​的藥物。它們能引起各種程度的中樞神經情緒改變,從矛盾性興奮到深度昏迷甚至死亡。

主要全身性影響包括:

  • ​呼吸系統​:劑量依賴性呼吸抑制。在鎮靜劑量下,抑制程度類似正常睡眠;隨著劑量增加,延髓呼吸中樞會受到進行性抑制。
  • ​心血管系統​:可能引起心搏過速、心肌收縮力下降、心搏出量減少及平均動脈壓下降。
  • ​胃腸道​:通常會降低腸道肌肉的張力與蠕動。硫巴比妥類藥物在初期抑制後,可能會引起短暫的張力/蠕動增加。
  • ​肌肉骨骼​:降低運動終板對乙醯膽鹼的敏感性,提供輕度的骨骼肌鬆弛作用。
  • ​肝臟​:長期給藥(尤其是苯巴比妥)會導致明顯的​肝臟微粒體酵素誘導​

​臨床要點​:巴比妥類藥物​不具備真正的內在鎮痛活性​。在獸醫學中,它們主要用於癲癇控制(如苯巴比妥)、麻醉誘導(如硫噴妥、美索比妥)以及人道安樂死(如戊巴比妥)。

作用機制

The exact mechanisms for the CNS effects caused by barbiturates are complex and multifactorial:

  • Neurotransmitter Inhibition: They inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and glutamate.
  • GABA Modulation: Barbiturates enhance inhibitory neurotransmission by acting on GABA receptors. Pentobarbital is specifically noted to be GABA-mimetic, directly activating GABA receptors at higher doses.
  • Calcium Channel Blockade: At high anesthetic doses, barbiturates inhibit the uptake of calcium at nerve endings, further dampening synaptic transmission.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Use with extreme caution in cats due to high sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects

不良反應

  • Dose-dependent respiratory depression
  • Cardiovascular depression (hypotension, decreased contractility)
  • Paradoxical excitement
  • Hypothermia (at anesthetic doses)
  • Decreased gastrointestinal motility

注意事項

Species Sensitivity: Must be used very cautiously in cats, as they are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of barbiturates.

Organ Function: Severe renal impairment may occur secondary to hypotensive effects in overdose situations. Extended use induces hepatic microsomal enzymes, which can alter the metabolism of concurrently administered medications.

Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest: Respiratory arrest may occur at doses four times lower than those that cause cardiac arrest.

監測

  • Respiratory rate, depth, and volume
  • Heart rate and blood pressure
  • Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia)
  • Liver enzymes (with chronic administration)

藥物動力學

代謝

Hepatic metabolism. Extended administration induces hepatic microsomal enzymes.

過量

Overdose can lead to profound CNS depression, coma, and death.

  • Respiratory arrest typically precedes cardiac arrest (occurring at doses approximately four times lower than those causing cardiac arrest).
  • Severe renal impairment may occur secondary to profound hypotensive effects during an overdose.

各地核准狀態

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飼主須知

巴比妥類藥物是獸醫學中用於多種用途的藥物家族,包括控制癲癇發作、手術麻醉誘導或人道安樂死。

  • ​監測​:如果您的寵物被處方長期使用巴比妥類藥物(例如用於癲癇的苯巴比妥),將需要定期進行血液檢查,以監測肝功能並確保血液中的藥物濃度安全有效。
  • ​副作用​:在您的寵物剛開始服用這些藥物時,您可能會注意到牠們出現嗜睡、口渴增加或食慾增加的情況。
  • ​安全性​:這些是受到嚴格管制的處方藥物。請將其安全存放在兒童和其他寵物接觸不到的地方。未經獸醫同意,切勿自行更改劑量。

​重要提示​:如果您的寵物顯得過度昏睡、呼吸困難或動作不協調,請立即聯繫您的獸醫。

VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。