巴比妥類藥物
Barbiturates
Barbituric acid derivatives
別名: Phenobarbital · Pentobarbital · Thiopental · Methohexital · Barbituric acid derivatives
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
各物種劑量
此藥的劑量資料尚未收錄於 VetSheet 藥典,以下其他章節資料完整。處方前請參閱最新藥品說明書。
概覽
巴比妥類藥物是一類作為中樞神經系統(CNS)抑制劑的藥物。它們能引起各種程度的中樞神經情緒改變,從矛盾性興奮到深度昏迷甚至死亡。
主要全身性影響包括:
- 呼吸系統:劑量依賴性呼吸抑制。在鎮靜劑量下,抑制程度類似正常睡眠;隨著劑量增加,延髓呼吸中樞會受到進行性抑制。
- 心血管系統:可能引起心搏過速、心肌收縮力下降、心搏出量減少及平均動脈壓下降。
- 胃腸道:通常會降低腸道肌肉的張力與蠕動。硫巴比妥類藥物在初期抑制後,可能會引起短暫的張力/蠕動增加。
- 肌肉骨骼:降低運動終板對乙醯膽鹼的敏感性,提供輕度的骨骼肌鬆弛作用。
- 肝臟:長期給藥(尤其是苯巴比妥)會導致明顯的肝臟微粒體酵素誘導。
臨床要點:巴比妥類藥物不具備真正的內在鎮痛活性。在獸醫學中,它們主要用於癲癇控制(如苯巴比妥)、麻醉誘導(如硫噴妥、美索比妥)以及人道安樂死(如戊巴比妥)。
作用機制
The exact mechanisms for the CNS effects caused by barbiturates are complex and multifactorial:
- Neurotransmitter Inhibition: They inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and glutamate.
- GABA Modulation: Barbiturates enhance inhibitory neurotransmission by acting on GABA receptors. Pentobarbital is specifically noted to be GABA-mimetic, directly activating GABA receptors at higher doses.
- Calcium Channel Blockade: At high anesthetic doses, barbiturates inhibit the uptake of calcium at nerve endings, further dampening synaptic transmission.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Use with extreme caution in cats due to high sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects
不良反應
- Dose-dependent respiratory depression
- Cardiovascular depression (hypotension, decreased contractility)
- Paradoxical excitement
- Hypothermia (at anesthetic doses)
- Decreased gastrointestinal motility
注意事項
Species Sensitivity: Must be used very cautiously in cats, as they are particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of barbiturates.
Organ Function: Severe renal impairment may occur secondary to hypotensive effects in overdose situations. Extended use induces hepatic microsomal enzymes, which can alter the metabolism of concurrently administered medications.
Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest: Respiratory arrest may occur at doses four times lower than those that cause cardiac arrest.
監測
- Respiratory rate, depth, and volume
- Heart rate and blood pressure
- Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia)
- Liver enzymes (with chronic administration)
藥物動力學
代謝
Hepatic metabolism. Extended administration induces hepatic microsomal enzymes.
過量
Overdose can lead to profound CNS depression, coma, and death.
- Respiratory arrest typically precedes cardiac arrest (occurring at doses approximately four times lower than those causing cardiac arrest).
- Severe renal impairment may occur secondary to profound hypotensive effects during an overdose.
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飼主須知
巴比妥類藥物是獸醫學中用於多種用途的藥物家族,包括控制癲癇發作、手術麻醉誘導或人道安樂死。
- 監測:如果您的寵物被處方長期使用巴比妥類藥物(例如用於癲癇的苯巴比妥),將需要定期進行血液檢查,以監測肝功能並確保血液中的藥物濃度安全有效。
- 副作用:在您的寵物剛開始服用這些藥物時,您可能會注意到牠們出現嗜睡、口渴增加或食慾增加的情況。
- 安全性:這些是受到嚴格管制的處方藥物。請將其安全存放在兒童和其他寵物接觸不到的地方。未經獸醫同意,切勿自行更改劑量。
重要提示:如果您的寵物顯得過度昏睡、呼吸困難或動作不協調,請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。
