頭孢克洛
頭孢克洛（Cefaclor）是一種口服**第二代頭孢菌素**抗生素。它的整體抗菌譜與第一代頭孢菌素（如頭孢氨苄）相似，但對某些革蘭氏陰性菌（包括大腸桿菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇異變形桿菌）具有更強的抗菌活性。 **臨床要點：** 雖然在獸醫學中的臨床經驗有限，但當細菌培養和藥敏試驗顯示感染對第一代頭孢菌素具有抗藥性，但對頭孢克洛敏感時，它可作為一種有用的口服替代藥物。
作用機制: Cefaclor is a **bactericidal** beta-lactam antibiotic. * It binds to specific **penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)** located inside the bacterial cell wall. * Binding → Inhibition of the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan cross-linking). * Defective cell wall → Cell lysis mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins). It possesses slightly better stability against certain beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms compared to first-generation cephalosporins.
各物種劑量
- Skin or soft tissue infections · 7 mg/kg PO q8h · PO · q8h · 21-30 days
- Systemic, lower respiratory tract infections · 10-13 mg/kg PO q8h · PO · q8h · 14 days · Maximum daily dose is 1 gram.
- Skin or soft tissue infections · 7 mg/kg PO q8h · PO · q8h · 21-30 days
- Systemic, lower respiratory tract infections · 10-13 mg/kg PO q8h · PO · q8h · 14 days · Maximum daily dose is 1 gram.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
- Use with caution in patients with documented penicillin allergy (potential cross-reactivity)
- Severe renal impairment (requires dosage adjustment)
不良反應
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis)
- Serum-sickness-like reactions
- Erythema multiforme (rare)
- Rash
- Transient increases in liver enzymes
- Transient increases in BUN and serum creatinine
藥物相互作用
- Antacids (magnesium or aluminum-containing) · Reduces extent of absorption of extended-release cefaclor tablets
- Probenecid · Reduced renal excretion of cefaclor
- Warfarin · Rare reports of increased anticoagulant effect
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection)
- Renal function in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency
過量
Cefaclor appears quite safe in dogs. * **Chronic high doses:** Dogs given daily PO doses of 200 mg/kg/day for 30 days developed soft stools, occasional emesis, and transient moderate decreases in hemoglobin. * **Massive chronic doses:** One dog given 400 mg/kg/day for one year developed a reversible thrombocytopenia.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。