頭孢噻呋鹽酸鹽
Ceftiofur HCl
Ceftiofur hydrochloride
別名: Excenel RTU · Spectramast DC · Spectramast LC · Naxcel (Sodium salt variant) · Cefenil · U-64279A · ceftiofuri hydrochloridium · Ceftiofurum · Ceftiofur sodium
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible urinary tract infections | 2.2 mg/kg | SC | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Sepsis/bacteraemia | 4.4 mg/kg | SC | q24h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible urinary tract infections: Authorized for use in dogs in other countries where the main indication is UTI treatment.
- Sepsis/bacteraemia: Higher (double) dose indicated to treat sepsis/bacteraemia.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine respiratory disease and acute bovine interdigital necrobacillosis | 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg | IM/SC | q24h | 3 days (up to 5 days if needed) | 🌎 NA |
| Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) only | 2.2 mg/kg | IM/SC | q48h | Days 1 and 3 | 🌎 NA |
| Acute post-partum metritis | 2.2 mg/kg | IM/SC | q24h | 5 consecutive days | 🌎 NA |
| Neonatal salmonellosis | 5 mg/kg | IM | q24h | 5 days | 🌎 NA |
| Subclinical mastitis at time of dry off | Infuse one syringe (500 mg) | Intramammary | Once | At dry off | 🌎 NA |
| Clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle | Infuse one syringe (125 mg) | Intramammary | q24h | 2 days (up to 8 consecutive days for extended therapy) | 🌎 NA |
- Bovine respiratory disease and acute bovine interdigital necrobacillosis: Do not inject more than 15 mL per injection site.
- Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) only: Do not inject more than 15 mL per injection site.
- Acute post-partum metritis: Do not inject more than 15 mL per injection site.
- Subclinical mastitis at time of dry off: Infuse into each affected quarter.
- Clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle: Infuse into each affected quarter.
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial respiratory disease | 3 to 5 mg/kg | IM | q24h | 3 consecutive days | 🌎 NA |
- Bacterial respiratory disease: 1 mL of sterile suspension per 22 to 37 lb body weight.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
頭孢噻呋鹽酸鹽 (Ceftiofur HCl) 是一種獸醫專用的第三代頭孢菌素抗生素。主要應用於大型動物醫學（特別是豬和牛），用於治療細菌性呼吸道疾病、腐蹄病、急性子宮內膜炎和乳腺炎。
主要特點包括：
- 廣效性： 對多種革蘭氏陽性及陰性病原體有效，包括巴斯德桿菌、鏈球菌、葡萄球菌、沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌。
- 活性代謝物： 進入體內後迅速轉化為 desfuroylceftiofur，其抗菌效力與母體藥物相當。
- 臨床要點： 某些頭孢噻呋製劑（如 Excenel RTU）在泌乳乳牛中具有零天棄乳期的優勢，對酪農業極具價值，但仍需嚴格遵守屠宰停藥期。
作用機制
Ceftiofur is a time-dependent, bactericidal antibiotic.
- Mechanism: It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall → inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis → leads to weakened cell walls, cell lysis, and bacterial death.
- Metabolism Pathway: Parent ceftiofur is rapidly cleaved into furoic acid and desfuroylceftiofur (the primary active metabolite).
- Reservoir Effect: The active metabolite is highly protein-bound, which creates a 'reservoir effect' that maintains active, therapeutic drug concentrations at the site of infection for extended periods.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Patients with a documented history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
- Use with caution in patients hypersensitive to other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, carbapenems) due to potential cross-reactivity
不良反應
- Pain on IM injection (especially in small animals)
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, fever, eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy, anaphylaxis)
- Gastrointestinal distress / diarrhea
- Granulocytopenia (rare)
- Thrombocytopenia (rare)
- Injection site discoloration
注意事項
Warning: Hypersensitivity reactions can occur. Cross-reactivity with penicillins is possible.
- Tissue Discoloration: IM or SC injections can cause injection site discoloration, resulting in trim-out of edible tissues at slaughter (persisting up to 11 days in the neck, or >28 days in the rear leg of cattle).
- Withdrawal Times: Strict adherence to slaughter and milk withdrawal times is legally required and varies significantly by specific product and species.
- Renal Impairment: Patients in renal failure may require dosage adjustments due to decreased clearance.
- Laboratory Interference: May cause false-positive urine glucose tests (cupric sulfate method), falsely elevated creatinine (Jaffe reaction), and false-positive direct Coombs' tests.
藥物相互作用
Potential for additive nephrotoxicity. In vitro studies show synergistic antibacterial activity, but they must NOT be mixed together in the same syringe or fluid line.
Competitively blocks the tubular secretion of most cephalosporins, thereby increasing serum levels and prolonging serum half-lives.
Synergistic antibacterial effect, but should not be mixed in the same syringe due to chemical incompatibility.
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity.
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity.
監測
- Clinical efficacy and resolution of infection
- Weekly CBC monitoring (if used off-label in small animals)
- Renal function parameters in patients with pre-existing renal impairment
- Injection site reactions
藥物動力學
吸收
Rapidly absorbed following intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) administration.
分佈
Volume of distribution in cattle is approximately 0.3 L/kg. Protein binding creates a 'reservoir effect' at the site of infection. In swine, highest tissue concentrations are found in the kidneys, followed by lungs, liver, and muscle.
代謝
Rapidly metabolized to desfuroylceftiofur, the primary active metabolite, which has equivalent potency to the parent compound.
排除
Eliminated primarily via the kidneys. Elimination half-life in cattle is approximately 8-12 hours. Elimination kinetics in milk can vary based on milk production volume; cows producing smaller volumes may have prolonged withdrawal times.
過量
Cephalosporin overdoses are generally well-tolerated and unlikely to cause significant problems other than gastrointestinal distress. However, extreme overdoses could theoretically induce hypersensitivity or hematologic abnormalities.
Important: Use of dosages in excess of those labeled or via unapproved routes may cause violative tissue or milk residues. Contact FARAD for assistance in determining appropriate withdrawal times if an overdose occurs in food-producing animals.
可用產品
劑型
- Injectable sterile suspension (ready-to-use)
- Intramammary infusion syringe (dry cow)
- Intramammary infusion syringe (lactating cow)
獸醫用
- Ceftiofur HCl Sterile Suspension for injection: 50 mg/mL in 100 mL vials (Excenel RTU®)
- Ceftiofur HCl Sterile Suspension for Intramammary Infusion in Dry Cows: 500 mg per 10 mL syringe (Spectramast® DC)
- Ceftiofur HCl Sterile Suspension for Intramammary Infusion in Lactating Cows: 125 mg per 10 mL syringe (Spectramast® LC)
各地核准狀態
POM-V. Only licensed for use in large animals in the UK/EU; use in dogs is off-label (cascade).
POM-V. Only licensed for use in large animals; use in dogs is off-label.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store ready-to-use injectable products and intramammary syringes at controlled room temperature 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). Shake injectable suspensions well before using. Protect from freezing. Protect intramammary syringes from light and store in carton until used.
飼主須知
注意： 本藥物主要用於經濟動物（牛和豬）。
- 給藥方式： 請嚴格按照獸醫的指示給藥。即使動物看起來已經康復，也請完成整個療程，以防止抗生素抗藥性的產生。
- 經濟動物食品安全： 法律規定必須嚴格遵守屠宰和棄乳的停藥期，以防止人類食物供應中出現藥物殘留。停藥期因使用的具體產品（例如 Excenel RTU 與 Spectramast）而異。
- 副作用： 觀察是否有過敏反應的跡象（如蕁麻疹、腫脹或呼吸困難）以及腹瀉。
- 注射部位： 請注意，注射可能會在注射部位引起暫時的疼痛和組織變色。
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