頭孢匹林
Cephapirin
Cephapirin sodium, Cephapirin benzathine
別名: Cefa-Lak · Cefa-Dri · ToDAY · ToMORROW · Metricure · BL-P-1322 · cefapirinum natricum · Brisfirina · Cefaloject · Cefatrex · Lopitrex · Piricef
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mastitis (Lactating cow) | After milking out udder, clean and dry teat area. Swab teat tip with alcohol wipe and allow to dry. Insert tip of syringe into teat canal; push plunger to instill entire contents. Massage quarter and do not milk out for 12 hours. | Intramammary | q12h | May repeat dose | 🌎 NA |
| Mastitis (Dry Cow) | Same basic directions as above, but should be done at the time of drying off and not later than 30 days prior to calving. | Intramammary | Once at drying off | Single treatment | 🌎 NA |
| Subacute and chronic endometritis (at least 14 days after parturition) | Contents of syringe (500 mg) instilled through the cervix into the lumen of the uterus; depending on response may re-treat in 7-14 days if signs persist. | Intrauterine | Once, may repeat in 7-14 days | 1-2 treatments | 🌎 NA |
- Mastitis (Lactating cow): Milk withdrawal = 96 hours; Slaughter withdrawal = 4 days.
- Mastitis (Dry Cow): Milk withdrawal = 72 hours after calving; Slaughter withdrawal = 42 days.
- Subacute and chronic endometritis (at least 14 days after parturition): May be used one day after insemination. If pyometra, pretreatment with a prostaglandin recommended.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
頭孢匹林 (Cephapirin) 是一種第一代頭孢菌素抗生素，在獸醫學中主要用於治療牛的乳腺炎和子宮內膜炎。
- 抗菌譜：對引起乳腺炎的許多革蘭氏陽性菌（如葡萄球菌和鏈球菌）以及部分革蘭氏陰性菌有效。
- 臨床應用：透過乳房內或子宮內途徑局部給藥。全身性注射劑型在獸醫臨床上已較少使用。
- 關鍵注意事項：對於經濟動物，必須嚴格遵守停乳和停藥期，以防止非法藥物殘留。
作用機制
Cephapirin is a time-dependent, bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotic.
- Binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) (such as transpeptidases, carboxypeptidases, and endopeptidases) located inside the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
- Inhibition of these enzymes → blocks the final stages of mucopeptide (peptidoglycan) synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.
- Defective cell wall formation → creates an osmotically unstable spheroplast → cell lysis and death.
- Note: Like other beta-lactams, it is most effective against actively growing and dividing bacteria.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
不良反應
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, fever, eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy)
- Anaphylaxis (rare but possible)
注意事項
Cross-Reactivity: Use cautiously in patients with documented hypersensitivity to other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cefamycins, carbapenems) due to potential cross-reactivity.
- Pregnancy: Cephalosporins cross the placenta. Safe use during pregnancy has not been firmly established, though no teratogenic problems have been documented.
- Withdrawal Times: Extended withdrawal times may be prudent in cows with very low milk production (<25 kg/day) as they appear to absorb more drug systemically.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of mastitis or endometritis)
- Renal function (in patients with diminished renal capacity, though primarily a concern for systemic use)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
When administered via intramammary infusion, it is rapidly metabolized to the active metabolite desacetylcephaprin in milk. Cows with low daily milk production (<25kg) appear to absorb more cephalothin systemically.
分佈
Apparent volume of distribution (systemic) in cattle is 0.335-0.399 L/kg.
代謝
Rapidly metabolized to the active metabolite desacetylcephaprin in milk.
排除
Total body clearance is 12.66 mL/min/kg in cattle.
過量
No significant clinical adverse effects are expected with acute overdosage. However, if used at doses or rates higher than labeled, withdrawal times for milk and meat may be significantly prolonged.
可用產品
劑型
- Intramammary suspension/syringe
- Intrauterine suspension/syringe
獸醫用
- Cephapirin Sodium Mastitis Tube; 200 mg cephapirin per 10 mL tube (ToDAY, Cefa-Lak)
- Cephapirin Benzathine Mastitis Tube; 300 mg cephapirin per 10 mL tube (ToMORROW, Cefa-Dri)
- Cephapirin Benzathine Intrauterine Infusion Syringe; 500 mg (Metricure)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store intramammary syringes at controlled room temperature (15-30°C); avoid excessive heat.
飼主須知
生產者重要提示：本藥物主要用於乳牛和肉牛的局部感染。
- 給藥技巧：在注入藥物前，確保乳頭末端或外陰部已徹底清潔並用酒精消毒，以防止引入新的環境細菌。
- 停藥期：嚴格遵守規定的廢乳期和屠宰停藥期，以防止食品供應中出現非法藥物殘留。請注意，產乳量低的牛隻可能需要延長停藥期。
- 過敏反應：觀察是否有過敏跡象，如蕁麻疹、腫脹或突然呼吸困難。如果出現這些情況，請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
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