氯黴素
Chloramphenicol
別名: Chloromycetin · Chloroptic · Kemicetine · Minims · Optrex · Chlorogen · Chloramphenicolum · CAP
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
結構化劑量計算證據Susceptible infections (extra-label)
須由已驗證獸醫確認
- q12h
NA
必須同時考慮的臨床上下文 (5)
- NOTE: Because of potential adverse effects in animals and human exposure concerns, chloramphenicol should only be used when other antimicrobial agents are not viable options.
- ■ Wear gloves when handling this medicine and avoid contact with the drug, especially around your mouth, nose, or eyes. Avoid crushing pills.
- ■ This medicine is best given with food as it has an extremely bitter taste that can make administration of the tablets difficult.
- ■ This medication is considered to be a hazardous drug as defined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Talk with your veterinarian or pharmacist about the use of personal protective equipment when handling this medicine.
- Chloramphenicol tablets should be stored in tight containers at or below 25°C (77°F) and in a dry place. The sodium succinate powder for injection should be stored between 20°C and 25°C (68°F-77°F).
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
廣效抗生素，能穿透角膜屏障進入前房。對葡萄球菌和鏈球菌有效，但綠膿桿菌具抗藥性。因對人類有引起再生不良性貧血的毒性風險，在獸醫眼科的使用已逐漸減少。可用於治療懷疑感染黴漿菌或披衣菌的貓結膜炎。
作用機制
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms → prevents the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome → inhibits peptide bond formation via peptidyl transferase.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Food-producing animals
- Known hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol
不良反應
- Fatal aplastic anemia in humans (exposure risk)
- Local irritation (rare)
注意事項
Human Toxicity Warning: Chloramphenicol exposure in humans has resulted in fatal aplastic anemia. Use with extreme caution. Clients must use appropriate safeguards (e.g., wearing gloves) when applying the drug and avoid contact with drops or solutions. Must not be used in any food-producing animal.
藥物相互作用
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of pentobarbital. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of phenobarbital. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of propofol. Recovery takes up to 3 weeks.
Irreversible inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 increases plasma levels of hypoglycaemics.
Accelerates the metabolism of chloramphenicol, decreasing serum levels.
Chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides.
Chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal activity of beta-lactams.
May competitively inhibit macrolide antimicrobials at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
May competitively inhibit lincosamide antimicrobials at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
監測
- Resolution of clinical signs of conjunctivitis/keratitis
- Owner compliance with safety protocols (glove use)
藥物動力學
吸收
Can cross the intact corneal barrier and enter the anterior chamber.
分佈
Achieves therapeutic levels in the anterior chamber, especially if the blood-ocular barrier is compromised.
過量
Topical ophthalmic overdose is unlikely to cause systemic toxicity in the animal, but prolonged use may disrupt normal ocular flora.
可用產品
劑型
- Ophthalmic Ointment 1%
- Ophthalmic Drops 0.5%
人用標示
- Chloramphenicol 1% Ophthalmic Ointment (Chloromycetin, Chloroptic, generic)
- Chloramphenicol 0.5% Ophthalmic Drops (Chloroptic, generic)
各地核准狀態
Banned for use in food-producing animals (Annex IV of Regulation 2377/90).
POM-V. Banned for use in food-producing animals.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Drops: Refrigerate until dispensed. Ointment: Store at room temperature.
飼主須知
重大安全警告： 氯黴素可能在人類中引起罕見但致命的血液疾病（再生不良性貧血）。
- 操作指示： 點藥時必須戴手套。使用後請徹底洗手，避免藥物接觸皮膚、眼睛或口腔。
- 給藥方式： 請嚴格按照獸醫指示使用，勿讓瓶口或管口觸碰眼睛。
- 限制： 絕對不可用於經濟動物（食用動物）。
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