克林達黴素
Clindamycin
Clindamycin hydrochloride, Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride, Clindamycin phosphate
別名: Antirobe · Cleocin · Clintabs · Clinsol · Clinacin · Clindacyl · Clindaseptin · Mycinor · Zodon · chlorodeoxylincomycin hydrochloride · (7S)-chloro-7-deoxy-lincomycin hydrochloride · clindamycini hydrochloridum · U-28508 · U-25179E · Clindamycine · Clindamicina
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infected wounds, abscesses and dental infections | 5.5-33 mg/kg | PO | q12h | Up to 28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Osteomyelitis | 11-33 mg/kg | PO | q12h | Up to 28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Staphylococcal pyoderma | 11 mg/kg | PO | once daily | 7-28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Wounds, abscesses, dental infections, stomatitis | 5-11 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 7-28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Osteomyelitis | 11 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Systemic bacteremia | 3-10 mg/kg | IV, IM, SC, PO | q8h | as long as needed | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible bacterial infections | 5-11 mg/kg | IM, SC, PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sepsis | 11 mg/kg | IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Recurrent superficial pyodermas | 11 mg/kg | PO | once daily to twice a day | — | 🌎 NA |
| Actinomycosis | 5 mg/kg | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible hepatobiliary infections | 10-16 mg/kg SC once daily or 5-10 mg/kg PO q12h | SC, PO | once daily or q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anaerobic infections | 5-10 mg/kg | PO, IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Intra-abdominal sepsis | 5-11 mg/kg | IV, SC, PO | q8-12h | 5-7 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pancreatitis | 5-11 mg/kg | IV, SC, PO | q8-12h | 3-5 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible respiratory infections | 10 mg/kg | PO, SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Surgical prophylaxis for gram-positive aerobes and anaerobic coverage | 5-11 mg/kg | PO | once | 16-60 minutes preoperatively | 🌎 NA |
| Toxoplasmosis | 12.5 mg/kg | PO, IM | q12h | 28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Neospora | 10 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 4 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Hepatozoon canis | 10 mg/kg | PO | q8h | 2-4 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Babesia spp. | 12.5 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 2 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Babesia infections (if specific antibabesial drugs are not available) | 25 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 7-21 days | 🌎 NA |
| Hepatozoon americanum infections | 10 mg/kg | PO | q8h | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 5.5 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌍 EU |
| Severe infections | 11 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌍 EU |
| Toxoplasmosis/neosporosis | 25 mg/kg | PO | daily in divided doses | — | 🌍 EU |
- Infected wounds, abscesses and dental infections: If no response after 3-4 days, discontinue.
- Osteomyelitis: If no response after 3-4 days, discontinue.
- Susceptible bacterial infections: Avoid or reduce dose in patients with severe liver failure
- Recurrent superficial pyodermas: Resistance can develop quickly
- Susceptible hepatobiliary infections: In patients with liver function impairment: 5 mg/kg PO q12h or SC q24h
- Intra-abdominal sepsis: Combined with gentamicin or a parenteral 3rd generation cephalosporin or enrofloxacin
- Neospora: Used concurrently with trimethoprim/sulfa (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 4 weeks)
- Hepatozoon canis: Use concurrently with pyrimethamine and trimethoprim/sulfa
- Hepatozoon americanum infections: Use concurrently with trimethoprim/sulfa and pyrimethamine, follow with decoquinate
- Susceptible infections: Alternatively, 11 mg/kg q24h
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible bacterial infections | 5-10 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Infected wounds, abscesses and dental infections | 11-33 mg/kg | PO | once a day (q24h) | Maximum 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Sepsis | 11 mg/kg | IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anaerobic infections | 5-10 mg/kg | PO, IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Intra-abdominal sepsis | 5-11 mg/kg | IV, SC, PO | q8-12h | 5-7 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pancreatitis | 5-11 mg/kg | IV, SC, PO | q8-12h | 3-5 days | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible respiratory infections | 10-15 mg/kg | PO, SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Surgical prophylaxis for gram-positive aerobes and anaerobic coverage | 5-11 mg/kg | PO | once | 16-60 minutes preoperatively | 🌎 NA |
| Toxoplasmosis (to decrease zoonotic risk by reducing shedding period) | 25-50 mg/kg | PO | daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Clinical toxoplasmosis | 10 mg/kg | PO | q12h | at least 28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Enteroepithelial toxoplasmosis | 8-16 mg/kg | PO, SC | q8h | 14-28 days | 🌎 NA |
| Systemic toxoplasmosis | 12.5-25 mg/kg | PO, SC | q12h | 14-28 days | 🌎 NA |
- Infected wounds, abscesses and dental infections: Do not treat acute infections for more than 3-4 days if no clinical response is seen.
- Intra-abdominal sepsis: Combined with gentamicin or a parenteral 3rd generation cephalosporin or enrofloxacin
- Clinical toxoplasmosis: Institute supportive care as needed.
雪貂
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5-10 mg/kg | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 25 mg/kg | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Mild spore-forming enteric bacterial infections | 50 mg/kg | PO | q12h | 5-10 days | 🌎 NA |
爬蟲類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections (anaerobes) | 5 mg/kg | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Respiratory infections (anaerobes, mycoplasma) | 5 mg/kg | PO | once daily | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
克林達黴素是一種廣效的林可醯胺類抗生素，廣泛應用於獸醫學。它對許多厭氧菌、革蘭氏陽性需氧球菌（如葡萄球菌和鏈球菌）以及某些原蟲（包括弓形蟲、新孢子蟲和巴貝斯蟲）具有高度療效。
臨床要點：
- 優異的組織穿透力： 克林達黴素在骨骼、滑液、膿瘍和白血球中可達到高濃度，是治療骨髓炎、牙科感染和深層膿皮症的首選藥物。
- 弓形蟲症： 它是治療犬貓臨床弓形蟲症的主要藥物。
- 草食動物毒性： 嚴禁使用於後腸發酵動物（馬、兔、齧齒類）和反芻動物，因為有引發致命性梭狀桿菌腸炎的風險。
- 食道狹窄風險： 在貓咪身上，乾吞膠囊或錠劑可能導致嚴重的食道炎和狹窄。口服固體藥物後務必餵食水或食物。
作用機制
Clindamycin acts by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria.
- Mechanism: It inhibits peptide bond formation (transpeptidation) → blocks bacterial protein synthesis.
- Effect: It can be either bacteriostatic or bactericidal, depending on the drug concentration at the infection site and the specific susceptibility of the organism.
- Resistance: Complete cross-resistance occurs between clindamycin and lincomycin, and partial cross-resistance occurs with macrolides (like erythromycin) due to overlapping ribosomal binding sites.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Horses
- Rabbits
- Hamsters
- Chinchillas
- Guinea pigs
- Ruminants
- Patients hypersensitive to lincosamides
- Neonatal small animals (generally avoided)
- Known hypersensitivity to lincosamides
不良反應
- Gastroenteritis (emesis, loose stools, bloody diarrhea)
- Esophageal injuries (esophagitis, strictures) in cats if dry-pilled
- Hypersalivation or lip smacking in cats after oral administration
- Pain at IM injection site
- Mild, clinically insignificant increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP)
- Colitis
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Oesophagitis (especially in cats)
- Oesophageal stricture (especially in cats)
注意事項
Esophageal Injury Warning: Clindamycin has been implicated in causing esophagitis and esophageal strictures in small animals (especially cats). Avoid dry 'pilling'; always administer with food or a water bolus.
- Hepatic/Renal Impairment: Patients with very severe renal and/or hepatic disease should receive the drug with caution. Consider dosage reduction and monitor serum clindamycin levels during high-dose therapy.
- Species Restrictions: Fatal gastrointestinal effects can occur in horses, ruminants, and small herbivores (rabbits, rodents). Do not use in these species.
藥物相互作用
Clindamycin may reduce cyclosporine levels
In vitro antagonism when used with clindamycin; concomitant use should probably be avoided
Clindamycin possesses intrinsic neuromuscular blocking activity and should be used cautiously with other neuromuscular blocking agents
May enhance the neuromuscular blocking effect
May antagonize the effects of neostigmine
May antagonize the effects of pyridostigmine
Antagonistic antimicrobial effects due to competing binding sites
Antagonistic antimicrobial effects due to competing binding sites
Antagonistic antimicrobial effects
May enhance the neuromuscular blocking effect
Complete cross-resistance and antagonistic effect
監測
- Clinical efficacy
- Adverse effects; particularly severe diarrhea
- Periodic liver and kidney function tests and blood counts if therapy persists for more than 30 days
- Gastrointestinal signs (vomiting, diarrhoea)
- Hepatic and renal function in patients with pre-existing impairment
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapidly absorbed from the gut. In dogs, oral bioavailability is about 73%. Food decreases the rate of absorption, but not the extent. Peak serum levels are attained about 45-60 minutes after oral dosing.
分佈
Distributes well into most tissues. Therapeutic levels are achieved in bone, synovial fluid, bile, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, skin, heart muscle, abscesses, scar tissue, and white blood cells. CNS levels may reach 40% of serum levels if meninges are inflamed. About 93% bound to plasma proteins. Crosses the placenta and distributes into milk.
代謝
Partially metabolized in the liver to both active and inactive metabolites.
排除
Unchanged drug and metabolites are excreted in the urine, feces, and bile. Half-lives can be prolonged in patients with severe renal or hepatic dysfunction.
過量
There is little information available regarding overdoses of this drug.
- In dogs, oral doses of up to 300 mg/kg/day for up to one year did not result in toxicity.
- Dogs receiving 600 mg/kg/day developed anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral capsules
- Oral tablets
- Oral solution/drops
- Granules for oral solution
- Injection (solution concentrate)
- Suppositories
- Topical and vaginal preparations
- 25 mg capsule/tablet
- 75 mg capsule/tablet
- 88 mg capsule/tablet
- 150 mg capsule/tablet
- 264 mg capsule/tablet
- 300 mg capsule/tablet
- 25 mg/ml oral solution
獸醫用
- Clindamycin (as HCl) Oral Capsules: 25 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg (Antirobe, generics)
- Clindamycin (as HCl) Oral Tablets: 25 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg (Clintabs)
- Clindamycin (as HCl) Oral Solution: 25 mg/mL (Antirobe Aquadrops, Clinsol, generics)
- Clinacin
- Clindacyl
- Clindaseptin
- Mycinor
- Zodon
人用標示
- Clindamycin (as HCl) Oral Capsules: 75 mg, 150 mg, 300 mg (Cleocin, generics)
- Clindamycin (as palmitate HCl) Granules for Oral Solution: 75 mg/5 mL (Cleocin Pediatric)
- Clindamycin (as Phosphate) Solution Concentrate for Injection: 150 mg/mL (Cleocin Phosphate)
- Clindamycin (as Phosphate) Injection: 300 mg, 600 mg, 900 mg in Galaxy containers (Cleocin Phosphate IV)
- Clindamycin Phosphate Suppositories: 100 mg (Cleocin)
各地核准狀態
POM-V
POM-V
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Capsules and palmitate powder for oral solution should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C). After reconstitution, the human palmitate oral solution should NOT be refrigerated (thickening may occur) and is stable for 2 weeks at room temp. Veterinary oral solution has an extended shelf life at room temp. Phosphate injection should be stored at room temp; if refrigerated, crystals may form but will resolubilize upon warming.
飼主須知
重要給藥提示： 如果使用口服錠劑或膠囊，特別是在貓咪身上，給藥後務必餵食至少 6 毫升（約一茶匙多一點）的液體，或將藥物藏在少量濕食肉丸中。直接乾吞藥丸可能導致藥物黏附在食道上，引發嚴重的潰瘍和狹窄。
- 注意腸胃不適： 如果發生嚴重、持續或帶血的腹瀉，請立即向您的獸醫師報告。
- 完成療程： 即使您的寵物看起來已經好轉，也請務必按照處方完成整個療程，以防止產生抗藥性感染。
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