氯唑西林 (Cloxacillin)
Cloxacillin
Cloxacillin sodium; Cloxacillin benzathine
別名: Orbenin-DC · Dry-Clox · Dariclox · Boviclox · Opticlox · BRL-1621 · sodium cloxacillin · chlorphenylmethyl isoxazolyl penicillin sodium · methylchlorophenyl isoxazolyl penicillin sodium · cloxacilina sodica · cloxacillinum natricum · P25 · Cloxacillin benzathine
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
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各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 20-40 mg/kg PO q8h | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Staph. pyoderma, diskospondylitis, osteoarthritis or skin infections | 10-15 mg/kg PO q6h for 14-84 days | PO | q6h | 14-84 days | 🌎 NA |
| Systemic infections, bacteremia | 10-40 mg/kg PO q6-8h for 7-14 days | PO | q6-8h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Ocular infections | Apply 1/10 of a tube (0.3 g) | topical | q24h | — | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections: Oral dosage forms are no longer available commercially in the USA
- Ocular infections: Specifically for beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 20-40 mg/kg PO or IM q6-8h | PO/IM | q6-8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Staph. pyoderma, diskospondylitis, osteoarthritis or skin infections | 10-15 mg/kg PO q6h for 14-84 days | PO | q6h | 14-84 days | 🌎 NA |
| Systemic infections, bacteremia | 10-40 mg/kg PO q6-8h for 7-14 days | PO | q6-8h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Ocular infections | Apply 1/10 of a tube (0.3 g) | topical | q24h | — | 🌍 EU |
- Ocular infections: Specifically for beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mastitis (treatment or prophylaxis) caused by susceptible organisms - Lactating cow | After milking out and disinfecting teat, instill contents of syringe; massage. | Intramammary | q12h | 3 total doses | 🌎 NA |
| Mastitis (treatment or prophylaxis) caused by susceptible organisms - Dry (non-lactating) cows | After last milking (or early in the dry period), instill contents of syringe and massage into each quarter. | Intramammary | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Mastitis (treatment or prophylaxis) caused by susceptible organisms - Lactating cow: Using lactating cow formula (Dari-Clox)
- Mastitis (treatment or prophylaxis) caused by susceptible organisms - Dry (non-lactating) cows: Using dry cow formula (benzathine)
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
氯唑西林是一種窄效、耐青黴素酶的青黴素類抗生素（異噁唑青黴素）。主要用於對抗產生青黴素酶的革蘭氏陽性球菌，特別是葡萄球菌 (Staphylococcus spp.)。在美國，目前僅有乳房內灌注劑型用於治療或預防乳牛的乳腺炎。口服劑型已不再於美國市場銷售。
作用機制
Cloxacillin is a bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotic.
Binds to Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) → inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking → disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis → cell lysis and death.
Mechanistic Pearl: The bulky isoxazolyl side chain sterically hinders staphylococcal beta-lactamases, preventing the enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring that normally inactivates natural penicillins.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to penicillins or cephalosporins
不良反應
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, fever, anaphylaxis)
- Eosinophilia
- Neutropenia
- Agranulocytosis
- Thrombocytopenia
- Leukopenia
- Anemias
- Lymphadenopathy
- Local irritation (ophthalmic)
注意事項
Warning: Contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to penicillins.
- Cross-Reactivity: Use cautiously in patients with documented hypersensitivity to other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins, cefamycins, carbapenems). In humans, 1-15% of cephalosporin-allergic patients cross-react with penicillins.
- Pregnancy: FDA Category B (human); Papich Class A (veterinary). Generally considered safe, but use only when potential benefits outweigh risks. Crosses the placenta but no documented teratogenic problems.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection/mastitis)
- Signs of hypersensitivity or toxicity
- Resolution of clinical signs of ocular infection
- Signs of local irritation or hypersensitivity
藥物動力學
吸收
Minimal systemic absorption expected from topical ophthalmic application.
分佈
Distributes well into local ocular tissues.
代謝
Hepatic (for systemically absorbed fraction).
排除
Renal (for systemically absorbed fraction).
過量
Overdosage of intramammary infusions is unlikely to pose much systemic risk to the patient.
Note: Excessive dosing may prolong required withdrawal times for milk and meat in food-producing animals.
可用產品
劑型
- Intramammary infusion (peanut-oil gel or vegetable oils)
- Oral capsules/suspension (historically/internationally)
- Ophthalmic suspension 16.7%
獸醫用
- Cloxacillin Benzathine 500 mg intramammary syringe (Orbenin-DC, Dry-Clox, Boviclox)
- Cloxacillin Sodium 200 mg intramammary syringe (Dariclox)
- Opticlox ophthalmic suspension
- Orbenin ophthalmic suspension
人用標示
- None (Oral dosage forms no longer marketed in USA)
各地核准狀態
POM-V
POM-V
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Unless otherwise instructed by the manufacturer, cloxacillin benzathine or cloxacillin sodium mastitis syringes should be stored at temperatures less than 25°C in tight containers.
飼主須知
重要提示：如果為寵物使用口服調配藥物，請務必完成整個抗生素療程，即使您的動物看起來已經康復。
- 經濟動物停藥期：請嚴格遵守停藥期規定。乾乳期產品（苯扎星）屠宰停藥期為 28-30 天；泌乳期產品（鈉鹽）泌乳停藥期為 48 小時，屠宰停藥期為 10 天。
- 過敏反應：如果發現呼吸困難、面部腫脹或嚴重皮疹（蕁麻疹），請立即聯繫獸醫。
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