乙醇
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
別名: Grain alcohol · Everclear · Vodka (used for compounding) · Medical alcohol · aethanolum · alcool · ethyl alcohol · EtOH
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 5.5 mL/kg IV q4h for 5 treatments, then q6h for four additional treatments | IV | q4h then q6h | 9 treatments total | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 8.6 mL/kg slowly IV followed by a CRI of 1.43 mL/kg/hr | IV | CRI | at least 36 hours although 48 hours is probably better | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity | 5.5 ml of 20% ethanol solution/kg | IV | q4h for 5 treatments, then q6h for 4 additional treatments | 9 treatments total | 🌍 EU |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity (CRI method) | Loading dose of 1.3 ml/kg of 30% solution, then 0.42 mg/kg/h | IV | CRI | 48 hours | 🌍 EU |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity (mild cases) | As directed (equivalent to IV dosing) | PO | As directed | Until toxicity resolves | 🌍 EU |
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: As a 20% solution; dosed as a CRI over 1 hour
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: Make a 7% ethanol solution. If EG test was positive initially, check before stopping treatment; discontinue if it reverts to negative.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity: Adjust dose to maintain blood ethanol levels above 35 mg/dl.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity (CRI method): Constant rate infusion method.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity (mild cases): For clinically mild cases with minimal CNS signs; vodka is often used.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 5 mL/kg IV q6h for 5 treatments, then q8h for four additional treatments | IV | q6h then q8h | 9 treatments total | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | 8.6 mL/kg slowly IV followed by a CRI of 1.43 mL/kg/hr | IV | CRI | at least 36 hours although 48 hours is probably better | 🌎 NA |
| Ethylene glycol toxicity | 5 ml of 20% ethanol solution/kg | IV | q6h for 5 treatments, then q8h for 4 additional treatments | 9 treatments total | 🌍 EU |
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: As a 20% solution; dosed as a CRI over 1 hour
- Ethylene glycol poisoning: Make a 7% ethanol solution. If EG test was positive initially, check before stopping treatment; discontinue if it reverts to negative.
- Ethylene glycol toxicity: Fomepizole is generally preferred over ethanol in cats if available.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
乙醇（酒精）在獸醫學中主要用作乙二醇（防凍劑）或甲醇中毒的解毒劑。
- 雖然Fomepizole (4-MP)是目前治療乙二醇中毒的首選，但如果病患在攝入後幾小時內就診，乙醇仍是一種容易取得且經濟的替代方案。
- 其他用途：經皮注射95%乙醇已成功用於治療貓甲狀腺機能亢進。氣霧化乙醇也曾被用作馬的促黏液動力劑。
臨床重點：在無法取得藥用級乙醇的緊急情況下，常將市售烈酒（如伏特加或穀物酒）調配至靜脈輸液中以進行挽救生命的治療。
作用機制
Ethanol acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
- Ethylene glycol/Methanol + Alcohol dehydrogenase → Toxic metabolites (glycoaldehyde, glycolate, glyoxalate, and oxalic acid).
- By occupying the enzyme, ethanol prevents this conversion, allowing the parent toxin (ethylene glycol or methanol) to be excreted primarily unchanged in the urine.
- Note: For alcohol to be effective, it must be given very early after ingestion; it is seldom useful if started 8 hours after a significant ingestion.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Concurrent use with fomepizole (usually contraindicated)
不良反應
- CNS depression
- Respiratory depression
- Diuresis
- Hypocalcemia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Pulmonary edema
- Injection site pain and infection
- Phlebitis
- Extravasation injury
- Bronchoconstriction and irritation (when aerosolized)
注意事項
Because ethylene glycol and methanol intoxications are life-threatening, there are no absolute contraindications to ethanol's use for these indications. Monitor fluid and electrolyte therapy requirements closely, as both the toxin and ethanol can cause diuresis. Watch for and avoid extravasation. Use during pregnancy only when necessary (FDA Category C). Ethanol may cause false positive reports on ethylene glycol screening tests.
藥物相互作用
Alcohol may increase the severity of side effects seen with bromocriptine
Will inhibit absorption of orally administered ethanol; do not use if administering ethanol orally
Alcohol may cause additive CNS depression
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; ethanol metabolism is reduced significantly and alcohol poisoning (CNS depression, coma, death) can occur. Use together is generally not recommended.
Alcohol may affect glucose metabolism and the actions of insulin or oral antidiabetic agents
A disulfiram reaction (increased acetaldehyde with tachycardia, vomiting, weakness) may occur
Increases risk of severe alcohol toxicity; concurrent use should be avoided.
監測
- Alcohol blood levels (maintain at 100 to 130 mg/dL; safer to maintain >130 mg/dL than to fall below 100 mg/dL)
- Ethylene glycol or methanol levels
- Degree of CNS effect
- Fluid and electrolyte status
藥物動力學
吸收
Well absorbed orally, but administered intravenously for toxicity treatment.
分佈
Rapidly distributes throughout the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Crosses the placenta and passes freely into milk.
代謝
Metabolized primarily in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase.
排除
Excreted primarily via metabolism, with small amounts excreted unchanged in urine and breath.
過量
If clinical signs of overdosage occur (lateral nystagmus, respiratory depression, profound obtundation), either slow the infusion or discontinue temporarily. Alcohol blood levels may be used to monitor both efficacy and toxicity of alcohol.
可用產品
劑型
- Intravenous infusion (often compounded)
- Aerosol
- Percutaneous injection
人用標示
- 5% Alcohol and 5% Dextrose in Water in 1000 mL
- 10% Alcohol and 5% Dextrose in Water in 1000 mL
各地核准狀態
POM (Prescription Only Medicine).
POM (Prescription Only Medicine).
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Alcohol should be protected from extreme heat or freezing. Do not use unless the solution is clear. Alcohol may precipitate many drugs; do not administer other medications in the alcohol infusion solution unless compatibility is documented.
飼主須知
- 重症監護：全身性給予酒精是一種挽救生命的解毒治療，必須在受控的臨床環境（加護病房）中進行。
- 副作用：您的寵物在治療期間基本上會處於「醉酒」狀態。我們將密切監測牠們的中樞神經系統、呼吸以及體液/電解質平衡。
- 時效性：在攝入防凍劑或甲醇後立即開始此治療效果最佳。
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