氟苯尼考
Florfenicol
Fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol (Sch-25298)
別名: Nuflor Gold · Resflor Gold · Aquaflor · Osurnia · Sch-25298 · Florfenicolum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible systemic (bacterial or rickettsial) infections | 20 mg/kg | IM | q8h | 3-5 days | 🌎 NA |
| Otitis externa (associated with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis) | 1 tube (1.2 g) per infected ear | topical | Repeat once after 7 days | 2 doses total | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible systemic (bacterial or rickettsial) infections: Used when myelotoxic potential of chloramphenicol is to be avoided.
- Otitis externa (associated with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis): Clean ear before first dose. Do not clean before second dose or for 14 days after.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible systemic (bacterial or rickettsial) infections | 22 mg/kg | IM, PO | q12h | 3-5 days | 🌎 NA |
- Susceptible systemic (bacterial or rickettsial) infections: Oral dosage form not available, but solution given orally to experimental cats was well absorbed.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) | 20 mg/kg | IM | repeat in 48 hours | 2 doses | 🌎 NA |
| Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) | 40 mg/kg | SC | once | Single dose | 🌎 NA |
| Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) | 40 mg/kg (6 mL/100 lb B.W .) | SC | once | Single dose | 🌎 NA |
| BRD and control of BRD-associated pyrexia | 40 mg/kg florfenicol/2.2 mg/kg flunixin (6 mL/100 lb. B.W .) | SC | once | Single dose | 🌎 NA |
- Bovine respiratory disease (BRD): In neck muscle only. Do not exceed 10 mL per injection site.
- Bovine respiratory disease (BRD): In neck only.
- Bovine respiratory disease (BRD): Do not administer more than 15 mL at each site. Neck only.
- BRD and control of BRD-associated pyrexia: Do not administer more than 10 mL at each site. Neck only.
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swine respiratory disease | In water at a concentration of 400 mg/gallon (100 ppm) | PO | continuous | 5 days | 🌎 NA |
- Swine respiratory disease: Use as only source of drinking water.
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory disease complex in kids | 20 mg/kg a day | IM | q24h | 2 days | 🌎 NA |
- Respiratory disease complex in kids: Route not specified; assume IM.
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory disease complex in kids | 20 mg/kg a day | IM | q24h | 2 days | 🌎 NA |
- Respiratory disease complex in kids: Route not specified; assume IM.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
氟苯尼考 (Florfenicol) 是一種合成的廣效性、抑菌性抗生素，結構上與氯黴素 (chloramphenicol) 和甲碸黴素 (thiamphenicol) 相似。
主要臨床特點：
- 安全性： 與氯黴素不同，氟苯尼考缺乏會導致人類發生特異性、不可逆再生不良性貧血的對硝基 (p-nitro) 結構。這使其在經濟動物及接觸藥物的人員使用上更加安全。
- 獸醫核准用途： FDA 主要核准用於牛隻（牛呼吸道疾病）、豬隻及水產養殖（魚類）。
- 標示外使用 (Off-label Use)： 常被標示外用於小動物（犬貓）及特寵，治療具感受性的全身性細菌或立克次體感染，特別是在需要避免氯黴素骨髓毒性風險時。
- 抗菌譜： 對溶血性曼海姆菌 (Mannheimia haemolytica)、多殺性巴斯德桿菌 (Pasteurella multocida)、睡眠組織嗜血桿菌 (Histophilus somni) 及牛黴漿菌 (Mycoplasma bovis)，以及多種革蘭氏陽性與陰性菌均具有高度療效。
作用機制
Florfenicol is a time-dependent, primarily bacteriostatic antibiotic (though it can be bactericidal against certain highly susceptible respiratory pathogens).
- Mechanism: It readily penetrates bacterial cells and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
- Pathway: Binding to the 50S subunit → inhibits the enzyme peptidyl transferase → prevents peptide bond formation → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
- Resistance: Because it is fluorinated at the 3' position, it is resistant to inactivation by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, an enzyme that confers resistance to chloramphenicol in many bacteria.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Intravenous (IV) administration
- Veal calves or preruminating calves
- Cattle or swine of breeding age (effects on reproduction unknown)
- Female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older
- Tympanic membrane rupture (perforated eardrum)
- Hypersensitivity to florfenicol, terbinafine, or betamethasone
- Dogs with generalized demodicosis (due to corticosteroid component)
不良反應
- Cattle: Anorexia, decreased water consumption, diarrhea
- Cattle: Injection site reactions (may result in trim loss)
- Cattle: Anaphylaxis and collapse (rare)
- Small Animals: Pain on IM injection
- Small Animals: Gastrointestinal effects, including severe diarrhea
- Mild application site erythema
- Head shaking
- Transient hearing loss (rare)
- Altered hearing or deafness in older dogs (rare)
注意事項
Important Administration Warning: Do NOT administer intravenously (IV).
- Injection Site: In cattle, injections should be given only in the neck muscle to minimize trim loss and severe tissue reactions.
- Volume Limits: Do not exceed 10 mL (or 15 mL for Nuflor Gold) per injection site in cattle.
- Residue Warnings: Strict adherence to slaughter withdrawal times is legally required for food-producing animals. Do not use in female dairy cattle ≥20 months of age or in veal calves.
- Reproductive Safety: Safety in breeding, pregnant, or lactating animals has not been established.
藥物相互作用
May antagonize the bactericidal activity of penicillins (theoretical, though often used together clinically).
May antagonize the bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides.
May potentially antagonize activity due to competition for binding at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
May potentially antagonize activity due to competition for binding at the 50S ribosomal subunit.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection/fever)
- Injection site reactions (swelling, pain, tissue necrosis)
- Gastrointestinal signs (appetite, stool consistency)
- Resolution of clinical signs of otitis externa
- Cytology to confirm clearance of bacteria and yeast
- Integrity of the tympanic membrane
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Cattle: ~79% bioavailable after IM injection. Dogs: Poorly absorbed after SC injection; good bioavailability (95%) after PO administration. Cats: High absorption of a 100 mg/mL solution when given IM or PO.
分佈
Well distributed throughout the body, achieving therapeutic levels in the CSF. Cattle: Volume of distribution is ~0.7 L/kg; ~13% bound to serum proteins.
代謝
Primarily hepatic metabolism (inferred from amphenicol class).
排除
Dogs: Total body clearance is ~1 L/kg/hr after IV administration; eliminated rapidly after PO administration.
過量
In toxicology studies, feeder calves injected with up to 10X the recommended dosage exhibited transient adverse effects (anorexia, decreased water consumption, diarrhea) and increased serum enzymes. Long-term (43 day) standard dosage studies showed a transient decrease in feed consumption, but no long-term negative effects were noted. Treatment of acute overdose should be supportive and symptomatic.
可用產品
劑型
- Injectable solution
- Concentrate solution (water additive)
- Feed additive
- Topical ear gel (10 mg florfenicol, 10 mg terbinafine, 1 mg betamethasone acetate per 1.2 g dose)
獸醫用
- Florfenicol Injection: 300 mg/mL (NuFlor, Nuflor Gold)
- Florfenicol 2.3% (23 mg/mL) Concentrate Solution (NuFlor Concentrate Solution)
- Florfenicol 300 mg/mL with Flunixin 16.5 mg/mL Injection (Resflor Gold)
- Florfenicol feed additives (Aquaflor for fish, and swine feed formulations)
- Osurnia ear gel (10 mg florfenicol, 10 mg terbinafine, 1 mg betamethasone acetate per tube)
各地核准狀態
POM-V
POM-V
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Florfenicol injection (Nuflor, Nuflor Gold) should be stored between 2°-30°C (36°-86°F). Use within 28 days of first use. The oral solution (swine) should be stored between 2°-26°C (36°-77°F). Resflor Gold should not be stored above 30°C (86°F), used within 28 days, and the vial should not be punctured more than 10 times.
飼主須知
給小動物（犬貓）主人的重要提示
- 給藥方式： 如果以口服方式給予此藥物（標示外使用液體劑型），味道可能較苦。請確保您的寵物吞下完整劑量。
- 副作用： 請留意腸胃不適的症狀，特別是嚴重腹瀉或食慾不振。如果出現這些情況，請聯繫您的獸醫師。
- 注射： 如果您的寵物在診所接受注射，注射部位可能會出現暫時性的疼痛或痠痛。
給經濟動物（牛豬）主人的重要提示
- 嚴格的停藥期：
- 牛隻： 肌肉注射 (IM) 後需停藥 28 天；皮下注射 (SC) 需停藥 38 天（Nuflor Gold 為 44 天）。
- 豬隻： 16 天（飲水給藥）。
- 使用限制： 絕對不可用於 20 個月齡（含）以上的泌乳母牛。不可用於將加工為小牛肉的犢牛。
- 注射技術： 注射時僅限施打於頸部肌肉，以避免屠體修整損失。每個注射部位的劑量不可超過建議容積。
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