格隆溴銨
Glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrronium bromide
別名: Robinul-V · Robinul Forte · glycopyrronium bromide · AHR-504 · Acpan · AmTech · Gastrodyn · Glycostigmin
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
經審核的非計算證據經審核的非計算證據 (1)
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Premedication (extra-label)
Premedication (extra-label): 0.01 – 0.02 mg/kg IM, SC, or IV
必須同時考慮的臨床上下文 (1)
- Glycopyrrolate tablets should be stored in tight containers and both the injection and tablets should be stored at room temperature (15°C -30°C [59°F-86°F]).
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
格隆溴銨是一種合成的季銨類抗毒蕈鹼藥物，主要用作麻醉前給藥、治療心搏過緩及減少唾液分泌。與阿托品不同，它不易穿透血腦屏障，因此中樞神經系統副作用較少。
作用機制
Glycopyrrolate acts as a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at postganglionic muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3).
Acetylcholine → Blocked at Muscarinic Receptors → Decreased parasympathetic tone.
This blockade leads to:
- Heart: Vagolytic effect → Increased heart rate (tachycardia).
- Secretions: Antisialagogue effect → Profound reduction in salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions.
- GI/Urinary: Decreased smooth muscle motility and tone.
- Eye: Mydriasis (pupil dilation) and cycloplegia.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Narrow angle glaucoma
- Tachycardias
- Gastrointestinal ileus
- Urinary obstruction
- Hypersensitivity to the drug
- Pregnancy (per some manufacturer labels)
不良反應
- Dry secretions (xerostomia)
- Initial bradycardia followed by tachycardia
- Decreased gastrointestinal motility (risk of ileus)
- Decreased urinary tract motility
- Mydriasis and cycloplegia
注意事項
Use with extreme caution in patients with known or suspected GI infections, as decreased GI motility can prolong retention of toxins or causative agents. Use with extreme caution in patients with autonomic neuropathy.
Use cautiously in patients with hepatic or renal disease, geriatric or pediatric patients, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), tachyarrhythmias, prostatic hypertrophy, or esophageal reflux. Can produce sinus tachycardia and predispose hypotensive patients to cardiac arrhythmias (including ventricular fibrillation).
藥物相互作用
May enhance the activity or toxicity of glycopyrrolate.
May enhance anticholinergic activity or toxicity.
May enhance anticholinergic activity or toxicity.
May enhance anticholinergic activity or toxicity.
May enhance anticholinergic activity or toxicity.
May aggravate signs seen with amitraz toxicity, leading to hypertension and further inhibition of peristalsis.
May decrease PO absorption; give oral glycopyrrolate at least 1 hour prior to oral antacids.
May increase intraocular pressure when used concurrently.
May increase serum digoxin levels; use regular digoxin tablets or oral liquid.
Increased gastric pH may decrease GI absorption; administer 2 hours after ketoconazole.
Glycopyrrolate may antagonize the prokinetic actions of metoclopramide.
監測
- Heart rate and rhythm
- Respiratory rate and effort
- Gastrointestinal motility (auscultation for bowel sounds)
- Salivary and respiratory secretions
藥物動力學
吸收
Not completely absorbed after oral administration. In dogs, IV onset of action is generally within 1 minute. After IM or SC administration, peak effects occur approximately 30-45 minutes post-injection.
分佈
Completely ionized quaternary ammonium compound; poor lipid solubility. Does not readily penetrate into the CNS or eye. Crosses the placenta only marginally.
代謝
Only a small amount is metabolized.
排除
Eliminated rapidly from the serum after IV administration (virtually no drug remains 30 minutes to 3 hours after dosing). Majority is eliminated unchanged in the feces and urine.
過量
In dogs, the LD50 is reported to be 25 mg/kg IV. In cats, the LD50 after IM injection is 283 mg/kg. Because of its quaternary structure, minimal CNS effects would be expected after an overdose compared to atropine. Overdose may present with severe anticholinergic signs (extreme tachycardia, mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, ileus). Treatment is generally supportive.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection
- Tablets
獸醫用
- Glycopyrrolate for Injection: 0.2 mg/mL in 20 mL vials; Robinul-V (Pfizer), generic
人用標示
- Glycopyrrolate Tablets: 1 mg & 2 mg; Robinul & Robinul Forte (Horizon); generic
- Glycopyrrolate Injection: 0.2 mg/mL in 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, & 20 mL vials; Robinul (Robins); generic
各地核准狀態
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儲存與穩定性
Tablets should be stored in tight containers. Both injection and tablets should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C). Stable under ordinary conditions of light and temperature. Most stable in solution at an acidic pH; undergoes ester hydrolysis at pH above 6.
飼主須知
注射劑型應由專業獸醫人員在具備心臟監測設備的環境下給予。若寵物在家中服用口服錠劑，請確保其隨時有充足的飲水，因為口乾是常見的副作用。若發現寵物有便秘或排尿困難的現象，請立即聯繫獸醫師。
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