癒創甘油醚 (Guaifenesin)
Guaifenesin
Glyceryl guaiacolate
別名: Guailaxin · Mucinex · Robitussin · Humibid · Organidin NR · Liquibid · Anhist · Hist-EQ · Glyceryl guaiacolate · GG · Glycerylguayacolum · Guaiacol glycerol ether · Guaiacyl glyceryl ether · Guaifenesina · Guaifenesinum · Guaiphenesin · Guajacolum glycerolatum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle relaxation during certain toxicoses (e.g., strychnine) or tetanus | 110 mg/kg | IV | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint for ventilatory support | Combination of guaifenesin 50 mg/mL, ketamine 1 mg/mL, and xylazine 0.25 mg/mL; give 0.55 mL bolus initially followed by 2.2 mL/kg/hr thereafter | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camelids: Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance | Induce with 2.2 mL/kg IV. Maintain with approximately 2.2 mL/kg/hr IV | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
- Camelids: Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance: Mix 1000 mL of 5% (50 mg/mL) guaifenesin with 1000 mg of ketamine ± 200 mg of xylazine.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General anesthesia adjunct | 110 mg/kg | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Muscle relaxation in balanced anesthesia | A CRI of ketamine at 0.8-2.3 mg/kg/hr with guaifenesin at 18-60 mg/kg/hr | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Muscle relaxation in balanced anesthesia (alternative) | A CRI of ketamine 1 mg/kg/hr with medetomidine at 0.00125 mg/kg/hr and guaifenesin at 25 mg/kg/hr | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Augment muscle relaxation in field anesthesia | Approximately 25-50 mg/kg (250-500 mL of a 5% solution) | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Long-term IV (>30 minutes) anesthesia using 'GKX' or 'triple drip' | Typically the CRI runs at 1.5-2.2 mL/kg/hr depending on the procedure, patient response and ketamine concentration | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Long-term IV anesthesia using 'GKD' | The CRI runs at 0.8 mL/kg/hr for the first hour and 0.6 mL/kg/hour for the final 30 minutes | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Equine intravenous anesthesia (normal healthy patients) | Generally a total dose of 30-50 mg/kg | IV | Rapid infusion | — | 🌎 NA |
| Equine intravenous anesthesia (compromised patients) | Generally a total dose of 30-50 mg/kg | IV | Slow administration | — | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive symptomatic treatment of strychnine poisoning | 110 mg/kg | IV | Repeated as necessary | — | 🌎 NA |
- General anesthesia adjunct: Give first 1/3-1/2 of dose until horse falls gently, then give remainder unless respiratory or cardiovascular effects are observed.
- Muscle relaxation in balanced anesthesia: May reduce MAC requirements by 50%.
- Muscle relaxation in balanced anesthesia (alternative): May reduce MAC requirements by 50%.
- Augment muscle relaxation in field anesthesia: For horses that are too light or too tense after alpha-2 agonist + ketamine ± diazepam induction.
- Long-term IV (>30 minutes) anesthesia using 'GKX' or 'triple drip': Guaifenesin (50 mg/mL), ketamine (1-2 mg/mL), and xylazine (0.5 mg/mL).
- Long-term IV anesthesia using 'GKD': Guaifenesin (100 mg/mL), ketamine (4 mg/mL), and detomidine (0.04 mg/mL).
- Equine intravenous anesthesia (normal healthy patients): Administered after xylazine sedation, followed by ketamine.
- Equine intravenous anesthesia (compromised patients): Administered after modest xylazine dose, followed by reduced ketamine dose.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | 55-110 mg/kg | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance | Induce with 2.2 mL/kg IV. Maintain with approximately 2.2 mL/kg/hr IV | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Using 'GKX' | Administer at a rate of 2-4 mL/kg | IV | Once then slowed | — | 🌎 NA |
- Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance: Mix 1000 mL of 5% (50 mg/mL) guaifenesin with 1000 mg of ketamine ± 0-100 mg of xylazine.
- Using 'GKX': Given rapidly until animal is recumbent and then slowed to maintain desired anesthesia plane.
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance | Induce with 2.2 mL/kg IV. Maintain with approximately 2.2 mL/kg/hr IV | IV | CRI | — | 🌎 NA |
| Using 'GKX' | Administer at a rate of 2-4 mL/kg | IV | Once then slowed | — | 🌎 NA |
- Using 'GKX' for induction/maintenance: Mix 1000 mL of 5% (50 mg/mL) guaifenesin with 1000 mg of ketamine ± 0-100 mg of xylazine.
- Using 'GKX': Given rapidly until animal is recumbent and then slowed to maintain desired anesthesia plane.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
癒創甘油醚（Guaifenesin，又稱 glyceryl guaiacolate 或 GG）是一種具有雙重用途的藥物。在獸醫學中，它主要作為注射用肌肉鬆弛劑，用於大型動物短時間麻醉（30-60分鐘）時，促進平穩無興奮的麻醉誘導與恢復。
- 麻醉輔助：提供骨骼肌鬆弛，且不影響橫膈膜功能。
- 口服祛痰劑：在人類與獸醫學中用於稀釋黏液以控制呼吸道疾病，儘管其臨床療效的確切證據仍有爭議。
臨床要點：癒創甘油醚本身並非麻醉劑；它能增強麻醉前給藥與麻醉劑的作用，必須在平衡麻醉方案（例如「三重滴注」或 GKX）中使用。它具有輕微的內在鎮痛與鎮靜特性。
作用機制
- Muscle Relaxation: Acts centrally by depressing or blocking nerve impulse transmission at the internuncial neuron level of the subcortical areas of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord → selective relaxation of skeletal muscles (including laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, easing intubation) while sparing respiratory muscles.
- Expectorant Action: Believed to stimulate gastric vagal receptors → triggers efferent parasympathetic reflexes → increases respiratory tract fluid volume and decreases mucus viscosity → facilitates removal of secretions via ciliary action and coughing.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Concurrent use with physostigmine
- Concentrations greater than 5% in ruminants (due to hemolysis risk)
不良反應
- Mild hypotensive effect
- Increase in cardiac rate
- Thrombophlebitis (IV administration)
- Perivascular tissue reaction
- Hemolysis (especially in ruminants with >5% solutions)
- Increased gastrointestinal motility
注意事項
Warning: Avoid giving ruminants concentrations of guaifenesin greater than 5% as hemolysis can occur.
- Use of physostigmine is contraindicated.
- May cause transient mild decreases in blood pressure and increases in cardiac rate.
- Perivascular administration may cause tissue reaction; thrombophlebitis has been reported after IV injection.
- Availability of the injectable form is currently an issue; compounding may be required.
藥物相互作用
Contraindicated in horses receiving guaifenesin; exact interaction mechanism not elucidated by manufacturer.
Theoretically contraindicated based on the physostigmine interaction.
監測
- Level of muscle relaxation
- Cardiac rate
- Respiratory rate
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapid following IV administration. Recumbency usually occurs within 2 minutes and light restraint persists for about 6 minutes. Muscle relaxation persists for 10-20 minutes after a single dose.
分佈
Reportedly crosses the placenta, but adverse effects in newborns have not been described.
代謝
Conjugated in the liver.
排除
Excreted into the urine.
過量
- Margin of Safety: Reportedly 3 times the usual dose.
- Clinical Signs: Apneustic breathing, nystagmus, hypotension, and contradictory muscle rigidity are associated with toxic levels.
- Toxicity Reports: In dogs receiving 415-830 mg/kg, signs included hypothermia, mild tremors, ataxia, and vomiting. In cats receiving 132 mg/kg, signs included lethargy and anorexia.
- Treatment: No specific antidote is available. Treatment is entirely supportive until the drug is cleared to sub-toxic levels.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection
- Oral tablets
- Oral granules
- Syrup/Liquid
- Oral powder
獸醫用
- Guaifenesin Injection 50 mg/mL in 500 mL & 1000 mL (Availability may be limited; compounding often required)
- Anhist® Powder (with pyrilamine)
- Hist-EQ® Powder (with pyrilamine)
- Spect-Aid® (with potassium iodide, ammonium chloride)
- Spec-Tuss® (with potassium iodide, ammonium chloride)
人用標示
- Guaifenesin Oral Tablets: 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 1200 mg (Organidin NR®, Liquibid®, Mucinex®, Humibid®)
- Guaifenesin Oral Granules: 50 mg/packet, 100 mg/packet (Mucinex® Mini-Melts)
- Guaifenesin Syrup/Liquid: 100 mg/5mL, 200 mg/5mL (Robitussin®, Mucinex for Kids®, Diabetic Tussin®)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Stable in light and heat (less than melting point). Store in well-closed containers. Aqueous solutions may precipitate at temperatures <22°C (72°F); slight warming and agitation generally resolubilizes the drug. Fresh preparation is recommended, though a 10% solution in sterile water may be stored at room temperature for up to one week.
飼主須知
- 麻醉用途：當用於手術時，獸醫團隊會透過靜脈注射給予此藥物，幫助您的動物放鬆並平穩地從麻醉中恢復。
- 口服止咳/呼吸道用途：如果作為口服祛痰劑處方，請確保您的寵物有充足的新鮮飲水，因為保持水分對於稀釋呼吸道分泌物至關重要。
- 副作用：按指示使用時通常非常安全。如果口服給藥，請觀察是否有輕微的嗜睡或腸胃不適（如狗的嘔吐）。
注意：未經獸醫明確許可，請勿將人類非處方止咳藥給予您的寵物，因為它們通常含有有毒添加劑（如木糖醇或解充血劑）。
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。