氫可酮
Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone bitartrate
別名: Tussigon · Hycodan · Vicodin · Lortab · Norco · Hydromet · Hydromide · Hydropane · Biocodone · Dicodid · Hydrokon · Robidone · hydrocodone tartrate · dihydrocodeinone acid tartrate · hydrocodone acid tartrate · hydrocodoni bitartras · hydrocone bitartrate
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For cough | 0.22 mg/kg PO q6-12h | PO | q6-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| As an analgesic using fixed dose combination products with acetaminophen | 0.22-0.5 mg/kg of the hydrocodone component PO q8-12h | PO | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For cough using Hycodan (or equivalent) | ¼ to 1 tablet (5 mg) once to 4 times daily | PO | q6-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For lick granulomas | 5-10 mg (1-2 tablets) per 20 kg of body weight PO three times daily | PO | TID | — | 🌎 NA |
| For adjunctive treatment of opioid-related stereotypies, lick granuloma | 0.22-0.25 mg/kg PO q8-12h | PO | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- For cough: Goal is to suppress coughing without causing excessive sedation
- As an analgesic using fixed dose combination products with acetaminophen: Do not exceed 15 mg/kg of the acetaminophen component q8h.
- For cough using Hycodan (or equivalent): In small and medium sized dogs.
- For adjunctive treatment of opioid-related stereotypies, lick granuloma: Supplies exogenous opioids to decrease the need for self-stimulation.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For adjunctive treatment of opioid-related stereotypies | 1.25-5 mg per cat PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- For adjunctive treatment of opioid-related stereotypies: Do NOT use any product that contains acetaminophen.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
氫可酮是一種菲衍生物鴉片類促效劑，在獸醫學中主要用作犬隻的強效鎮咳藥。
- 主要適應症： 治療與氣管塌陷、支氣管炎或犬傳染性氣管支氣管炎（犬舍咳）相關的嚴重、乾性、無痰咳嗽。
- 行為治療： 偶爾用於治療與鴉片類相關的行為問題（如舔舐肉芽腫、刻板行為），藉由提供外源性鴉片類物質來減少自我刺激行為。
- 鎮痛作用： 含有對乙醯氨基酚（普拿疼成分）的複方產品可用於犬隻的中度口服鎮痛。
嚴重警告： 含有對乙醯氨基酚的複方產品（如 Vicodin®、Lortab®）絕對禁止用於貓咪，因為會導致致命的對乙醯氨基酚中毒。
作用機制
Hydrocodone acts primarily by binding to mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
- Antitussive Effect: Direct suppression of the cough reflex at the cough center in the medulla oblongata.
- Analgesic Effect: Binds to pre- and post-synaptic mu-receptors in the brain and spinal cord → inhibits release of nociceptive neurotransmitters (like Substance P) → hyperpolarizes neurons → decreases excitability and pain transmission.
- Respiratory Effects: Tends to have a drying effect on respiratory mucosa, increasing the viscosity of secretions. The addition of homatropine methylbromide (an anticholinergic) in some formulations enhances this drying effect.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to narcotic analgesics
- Patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, e.g., selegiline)
- Diarrhea caused by toxic ingestion (until toxin is eliminated)
- Acetaminophen-containing products MUST NOT be used in cats
不良反應
- Sedation
- Constipation (especially with chronic therapy)
- Vomiting
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Masking of clinical signs of underlying respiratory disease
注意事項
Use with caution in patients with hypothyroidism, severe renal insufficiency, adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease), head injuries, increased intracranial pressure, acute abdominal conditions, and in geriatric or severely debilitated patients.
Use with extreme caution in patients suffering from respiratory diseases when respiratory secretions are increased or when liquids are nebulized into the respiratory tract.
Note: Hydrocodone products have a relatively high abuse potential in humans. Veterinarians should be vigilant for drug-seeking behavior from clients.
藥物相互作用
May cause additive hypotension in dogs with collapsing trachea
May cause additive anticholinergic effects
May potentiate the adverse effects associated with the antidepressant
May cause increased CNS or respiratory depression
監測
- Clinical efficacy (reduction in cough frequency/severity, pain relief)
- Adverse effects (excessive sedation, constipation, respiratory depression)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Oral bioavailability of 40%-80% in dogs. Well absorbed after oral administration in humans.
分佈
Unknown if hydrocodone enters milk.
代謝
Partially metabolized to hydromorphone in the liver.
排除
Excreted primarily via the kidneys.
過量
Massive overdose primarily causes CNS, cardiovascular, and respiratory depression secondary to opiate effects.
- Treatment: If ingestion was recent, empty the gut using standard protocols. Administer naloxone to reverse opioid effects as necessary.
- Note on Homatropine: The homatropine ingredient in some formulations may cause anticholinergic effects, but its relatively low toxicity usually does not require specific treatment.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral Tablets
- Oral Syrup
- Combination products (with homatropine, acetaminophen, decongestants, or antihistamines)
人用標示
- Hydrocodone Bitartrate Oral Tablets: 5 mg with Homatropine MBr 1.5 mg (Tussigon®, Hycodan®)
- Hydrocodone Bitartrate Oral Syrup: 5 mg with Homatropine MBr 1.5 mg per 5 mL (Hycodan®, Hydromet®, Hydromide®, Hydropane®)
- Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen Oral Tablets: 5 mg/325mg, 5 mg/500 mg, 7.5 mg/325mg, 10 mg/325mg (Vicodin®, Norco®, Lortab®)
- Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen Oral Elixir: 2.5 mg hydrocodone and 167 mg acetaminophen per 5 mL
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Products should be protected from light and stored at room temperature.
飼主須知
請嚴格按照獸醫師的指示給藥。
- 切勿將人類止痛藥（如 Vicodin 或 Lortab）在未經獸醫師明確指示下給予寵物。這些產品含有對乙醯氨基酚（普拿疼成分），對貓咪具有高度毒性且通常是致命的。
- 此藥物可能會使您的寵物感到昏昏欲睡或鎮靜。
- 長期使用可能會發生便秘；請密切觀察寵物的排便情況。
- 由於此為管制藥物且有人類濫用的風險，請將其安全存放在兒童和其他寵物接觸不到的地方。
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