異氟醚
Isoflurane
1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
別名: Isoflo · Iso-Thesia · Forane · Isosol · Terrell · Isoba · Isocare · Isofane · Isoflurane Vet · Vetflurane · compound 469 · isofluranum · AErrane · Forene · Forenium · Forthane · Isoforine · Isothane · Lisorane · Sofloran · Tensocold · Zuflax
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
經審核的非計算證據經審核的非計算證據 (3)
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Green iguanas/15–35 min loss of righting reflex; mean MAC, 1.62%; pH 7.49
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Isoflurane. Dosage: 5% via chamber in 5 L/min O2129. Species/Comments: Green iguanas/15–35 min loss of righting reflex; mean MAC, 1.62%; pH 7.49.
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Bearded dragons/trend toward shorter induction and recovery with 21% O2 group compared with use of 100% O2
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Isoflurane. Dosage: 3% in 100% O2 and 21% O2248. Species/Comments: Bearded dragons/trend toward shorter induction and recovery with 21% O2 group compared with use of 100% O2.
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Most species/inhalation anesthetic of choice in reptiles; induction, 6–20 min; recovery, 30–60 min; not as smooth in reptiles compared with other animals; intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation advisable; may preanesthetize with low dose propofol, ketamine, etc.
TABLE 127.5. Agent: Isoflurane. Dosage: 3%–5% induction,147 1%–3% maintenance37. Species/Comments: Most species/inhalation anesthetic of choice in reptiles; induction, 6–20 min; recovery, 30–60 min; not as smooth in reptiles compared with other animals; intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation advisable; may preanesthetize with low dose propofol, ketamine, etc..
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
異氟醚是獸醫學中廣泛使用的吸入性全身麻醉劑。
主要臨床特點包括：
- 心血管安全性：與舊型藥物（如氟烷）相比，其心肌抑制和兒茶酚胺致敏作用較小。
- 器官安全性：肝臟代謝極少（僅約0.17%），對於已有肝腎疾病的病患是安全的選擇。
- 臨床要點：雖然新型藥物（如七氟醚）能更快改變麻醉深度且面罩誘導更平順，但異氟醚在獸醫麻醉中仍是高度可靠且具成本效益的常規用藥。
作用機制
The exact mechanism of inhalant anesthetics remains partially understood, but they are believed to act on the lipid matrix of neuronal membranes and interact with various ligand-gated ion channels (e.g., GABA_A receptors) in the brain and spinal cord.
Key physiological effects:
- CNS: Reversible depression, altered temperature regulation, increased cerebral blood flow.
- Cardiovascular: Dose-dependent hypotension (primarily via vasodilation rather than direct myocardial depression).
- Respiratory: Dose-dependent respiratory depression.
MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) values: Dog = 1.5%; Cat = 1.2%; Horse = 1.31%.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- History or predilection towards malignant hyperthermia
- Known susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia
不良反應
- Dose-related hypotension
- Nausea and vomiting
- Ileus
- Minimal cardiodepression
- Rare arrhythmias
- Dose-dependent hypotension (due to vasodilation, particularly in skeletal muscle)
- Dose-dependent respiratory depression
- Arrhythmias (less arrhythmogenic than halothane, but possible under certain conditions)
- Hypothermia
注意事項
Use with caution in patients with increased CSF pressure, head injury, or myasthenia gravis. Because of respiratory depressant effects, intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) may be required, particularly in horses, which increases overdose risks. Isoflurane is irritating to the respiratory system and is not recommended for mask induction. May be fetotoxic; use cautiously during pregnancy.
藥物相互作用
Additive neuromuscular blockade may occur
Concomitant use may increase risks for profound hypotension
Additive neuromuscular blockade may occur
Additive neuromuscular blockade may occur
May induce increased incidences of cardiac effects (bradycardia, arrhythmias) and malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients
May result in arrhythmias, though isoflurane sensitizes the myocardium less than halothane. Use with caution and intensive monitoring.
Reduces the concentration of isoflurane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia (MAC reduction).
Reduces the concentration of isoflurane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia (MAC reduction).
Reduces the concentration of isoflurane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia.
監測
- Respiratory and ventilatory status
- Cardiac rate and rhythm
- Blood pressure (particularly in 'at risk' patients)
- Level of anesthesia
- Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth (capnography/ETCO2 recommended)
- Heart rate and rhythm (ECG)
- Blood pressure (Doppler or oscillometric)
- Oxygen saturation (Pulse oximetry/SpO2)
- Body temperature
- Anaesthetic depth (eye position, palpebral reflex, jaw tone)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapidly absorbed from the alveoli.
分佈
Rapidly distributed into the CNS and crosses the placenta.
代謝
Only about 0.17% is metabolized in the liver; very small amounts of inorganic fluoride are formed.
排除
The vast majority of the drug is eliminated unchanged via the lungs.
過量
Overdose risks are increased with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Profound hypotension may occur, which usually responds to IV fluids but may require the use of vasopressors.
可用產品
劑型
- Liquid for inhalation
- Inhalational liquid: 250 ml bottle
獸醫用
- Isoflurane Inhalation Anesthetic: 99.9%/mL in 100 mL and 250 mL bottles (Isoflo, Isosol, Iso-Thesia, generic)
- Isoba 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
- Isocare 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
- Isofane 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
- IsoFlo 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
- Isoflurane Vet 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
- Vetflurane 100% w/w inhalation vapour, liquid
人用標示
- Isoflurane Liquid for inhalation in 100 mL & 250 mL (Forane, Terrell, generic)
- Isoflurane 100% inhalation vapour, liquid
各地核准狀態
停藥期: pigs meat 2 days · horses meat 2 days
POM-V classification.
停藥期: pigs meat 2 days · horses meat 2 days
POM-V classification.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store at room temperature in a tight, light-resistant container. It is relatively unaffected by exposure to light. Isoflurane does not attack aluminum, brass, tin, iron, or copper.
飼主須知
異氟醚是一種由獸醫專業人員在臨床環境中施用的麻醉氣體。
- 麻醉後護理：您的寵物在手術後12-24小時內可能會感到昏沉、步態不穩，或因插管而有輕微咳嗽。
- 餵食：除非獸醫另有指示，請先提供少量的水和食物以防噁心。
- 監控：在寵物完全恢復期間，請將其安置在安靜、安全且溫暖的環境中。
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。