礦物油 / 白凡士林
礦物油是一種透明、無色且無味的複雜碳氫化合物混合物，提煉自原油。在獸醫學中，它是一種經典的**潤滑性瀉藥**，廣泛應用於大型動物（特別是馬匹）以治療大結腸阻塞和沙石疝痛。 在小型動物中，主要以調味凡士林凝膠的形式使用，以處理或預防貓的毛球症。此外，它可透過胃管給藥，作為腸道內的脂質吸收劑，以延緩特定脂溶性毒素（如聚乙醛、煤油）的胃腸道吸收。 > **臨床要點：** 在藥用方面，重質礦物油優於輕質礦物油，因為其在口服後被腸道吸收或誤吸入肺部的風險較低。
作用機制: Mineral oil and petrolatum act purely mechanically within the gastrointestinal tract: * **Lubrication:** Coats the intestinal mucosa and the fecal mass, reducing friction. * **Moisture Retention:** Creates a hydrophobic barrier that prevents the reabsorption of water from the GI tract → increases fecal bulk and softens the stool. * **Transit Time:** The increased bulk and lubrication stimulate peristalsis → decreases intestinal transit time. * **Toxin Sequestration:** Acts as an indigestible lipid sink in the gut lumen, trapping lipid-soluble toxins and preventing their systemic absorption.
各物種劑量
- Laxative · 100-500 mL · Stomach tube
- Laxative · 100-500 mL · Stomach tube
- Laxative · 2-10 mL · PO · Because of the risk for aspiration, liquid mineral oil is rarely recommended for PO administration today.
- Laxative · 2-6 mL · PO
- Laxative · 5 mL · PO · q24h · Give per day with food
- Laxative · 1-4 liters · Stomach tube
- Laxative (Adults) · 0.5-2 liters · Stomach tube
- Laxative (Calves) · 60-120 mL · Stomach tube
- Adjunctive treatment of metaldehyde poisoning · 8 mL/kg · Stomach tube · May be used with a saline cathartic
- Adjunctive treatment of nitrate poisoning · 1 liter per 400 kg body weight · Stomach tube
- Large colon impactions · 2-4 quarts · Stomach tube · q12-24h · May take up to 5 gallons. Mix 1-2 quarts of warm water with the oil to ease administration. Pump in at a moderate speed.
- Sand colic · 2 liters · NG tube · q24h · Given with 0.5 kg psyllium mixed with 1 liter of mash twice daily.
- Laxative (Adults) · 2-4 liters · Stomach tube · q24h · May be repeated daily
- Laxative (Foals) · 240 mL · Stomach tube
- Laxative (Adults) · 0.5-2 liters · Stomach tube
- Laxative (Foals) · 60-120 mL · Stomach tube
- Laxative and to aid in the removal of lead from the gizzard · 1-3 drops per 30 grams of body weight or 5 mL/kg · PO · once · Repeat as necessary. Give via tube or slowly to avoid aspiration.
- Laxative · 50-100 mL · Stomach tube
- Laxative/remove hairballs (Rabbits) · 1-2 mL/day · PO · q24h · 3-5 days · Using feline laxative product
- Laxative · 2-60 mL · PO · Because of the risk for aspiration, liquid mineral oil is rarely recommended for PO administration today.
- Laxative · 5-30 mL · PO
- Laxative · 5-25 mL · PO
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Patients with an increased risk of vomiting or regurgitation
- Dysphagia or swallowing difficulties
- Esophageal or gastric retention
- Hiatal hernia
- Debilitated or pregnant patients (based on human guidelines)
- Human pediatric patients under 6 years old
不良反應
- Lipid pneumonitis (severe, if aspirated)
- Granulomatous reactions in liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (if absorbed)
- Anal oil leakage
- Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) with chronic use
藥物相互作用
- Docusate (DSS) · Theoretically enhances the absorption of mineral oil, which could lead to systemic granulomatous reactions. Avoid concurrent use, though clinical significance in large animals appears low.
- Vitamins A, D, E, K · Chronic administration of mineral oil may decrease the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Administer between meals to minimize this effect.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (fecal output, resolution of impaction)
- Signs of aspiration (coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea)
- Auscultation and thoracic radiographs if aspiration is suspected
過量
Overdose effects are generally self-limiting (e.g., diarrhea, anal leakage). The primary life-threatening risk is **aspiration**, which can lead to severe lipid pneumonitis. Chronic overdosage may cause fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, K) deficiency.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。