烯啶蟲胺
Nitenpyram
(E)-Nitenpyram
別名: Capstar · Program · Bestguard · Bob Martin Flea Tablets · Johnson's 4 Fleas · TI-304 · (E)-Nitenpyram
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
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各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flea adulticide (2-25 lb / 0.9-11.36 kg) | Give one 11.4 mg tablet PO. May be given as often as once per day. | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Flea adulticide (25-125 lb / 11.36-56.8 kg) | Give one 57 mg tablet PO. May be given as often as once per day. | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Flea infestation | 1 mg/kg (minimum) | PO | prn (can be given daily if needed) | As needed | 🌍 EU |
- Flea adulticide (2-25 lb / 0.9-11.36 kg): May be given with or without food.
- Flea adulticide (25-125 lb / 11.36-56.8 kg): May be given with or without food.
- Flea infestation: 11.4 mg tablet for dogs 1-11 kg; 57 mg tablet for dogs >11 kg
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flea adulticide (2-25 lb / 0.9-11.36 kg) | Give one 11.4 mg tablet PO. May be given as often as once per day. | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Flea infestation | 1 mg/kg (minimum) | PO | prn (can be given daily if needed) | As needed | 🌍 EU |
- Flea adulticide (2-25 lb / 0.9-11.36 kg): May be given with or without food.
- Flea infestation: 11.4 mg tablet for cats 1-11 kg
爬蟲類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maggots | crush one 11.4 mg tablet into powder and give PO, as an enema, or on wound one time. | PO/Rectal/Topical | one time | 1 dose | 🌎 NA |
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
烯啶蟲胺 (Nitenpyram) 是一種速效、全身性的口服新菸鹼類殺蟲劑，主要用於快速擊倒犬貓身上的成蚤。
臨床要點：
- 其起效極快（跳蚤在30分鐘內開始從宿主身上掉落），但缺乏長效殘留活性（藥效僅維持24-48小時）。
- 因為它無法殺死跳蚤卵、幼蟲或未成熟形態，所以對急性跳蚤感染非常有效，但必須與昆蟲生長調節劑 (IGR) 或長效殺成蟲劑結合使用，以達到全面的跳蚤控制。
- 仿單標示外用途包括治療多種動物（如爬行動物）的蠅蛆病。
作用機制
Nitenpyram acts as an agonist at insect-specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
- Ingestion by flea via blood meal → Binds to alpha-4-beta-2 nicotinic receptors on postsynaptic membranes → Blocks acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission → Continuous nerve firing → Spastic paralysis and rapid death of the insect.
- It is highly selective (3500 times more selective for insect receptors than vertebrate receptors) and does not inhibit acetylcholinesterase, contributing to its exceptionally high safety margin in mammals.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Animals under 2 pounds of body weight
- Animals under 4 weeks of age
- Animals weighing less than 1 kg
不良反應
- Transient pruritus (scratching) due to dying fleas
- Transient pruritus (scratching/itching) as fleas die
- Vomiting (rare)
- Lethargy (rare)
- Panting or vocalization (rare, secondary to flea death)
注意事項
Not labeled to be used in animals under 2 pounds of body weight or under 4 weeks of age. Probably safe to use in breeding, pregnant, or lactating animals.
監測
- Efficacy (flea knockdown)
- Resolution of flea infestation
- Adverse reactions (excessive scratching, vomiting)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapidly and practically completely absorbed after oral administration. Peak levels occur about 80 minutes after dosing in dogs; about 40 minutes in cats.
分佈
Enters the systemic circulation and is consumed by adult fleas during a blood meal.
代謝
Minimal metabolism.
排除
Excreted primarily unchanged in the urine. In dogs, about 3% of a dose is excreted in the feces; in cats about 5% is excreted in the feces.
過量
Nitenpyram is relatively safe in high dosages to mammals.
- The oral LD50 in rats is approximately 1.6 grams/kg.
- Cats or dogs given 10 times the usual dose for 14 days showed no untoward effects.
- In the circumstance of a massive overdose, contact an animal poison control center for additional guidance.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral tablets
- 11.4 mg oral tablet
- 57 mg oral tablet
獸醫用
- Nitenpyram Oral Tablets: 11.4 mg and 57 mg in boxes containing blister packs of 6 tablets; Capstar (Novartis)
- Combination packs with Lufenuron (Program Flavor Tabs and Capstar Flea Management System)
- Combination with milbemycin and lufenuron (Sentinel Flavor Tabs and Capstar Flea Management System)
- Bob Martin Flea Tablets 11.4 mg, 57 mg
- Capstar 11.4 mg, 57 mg
- Johnson's 4 Fleas 11.4 mg, 57 mg
各地核准狀態
Authorised Veterinary Medicine - General Sales List
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Commercially available nitenpyram tablets should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C; 59-86°F). Shelf life is reported to be 3 years if stored below 25°C (76°F).
飼主須知
重要提示： 此藥物能快速殺死成蚤，但無法殺死跳蚤卵或幼蟲。通常建議將其與其他能控制未成熟跳蚤的產品（如昆蟲生長調節劑）結合使用。
- 給藥後，您可能會注意到寵物短暫地劇烈抓癢。這是一種正常的暫時性反應，是由於跳蚤死亡前的不規則活動所引起，而非藥物本身的副作用。
- 飯後給藥可增加吸收效果最佳，但與食物一起或空腹餵食皆可。
- 請同時治療家中的所有寵物，以防止再次感染。
- 請將藥片放在兒童接觸不到的地方。
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