奧司他韋
Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir phosphate
別名: Tamiflu · GS-4104/002 · Ro-640796/002
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjunctive treatment of canine parvovirus enteritis | 2.2 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment of canine parvovirus enteritis | 2.2 mg/kg PO twice daily for 5 days | PO | q12h | 5 days | 🌎 NA |
- Adjunctive treatment of canine parvovirus enteritis: Should be administered as early as possible in the course of the disease. More data is needed to prove efficacy.
- Adjunctive treatment of canine parvovirus enteritis: To better insure that a vomiting patient will keep the drug down, recommend administering it 30 minutes after a chlorpromazine or other antiemetic injection.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of equine Influenza A | 2 mg/kg PO twice daily for 5 days | PO | q12h | 5 days | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of equine Influenza A: Must be given early in the course of the disease to obtain satisfactory outcome. Dose based on human pediatric dosage.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
奧司他韋 (Oseltamivir) 是一種神經氨酸酶抑制劑抗病毒藥物，主要用於人類A型和B型流感的治療與預防。
在獸醫學中，其使用極具爭議且多屬實驗性質：
- 犬小病毒 (CPV)： 根據傳聞及有限的研究，它被用作犬小病毒性腸炎的輔助治療。雖然它不能直接殺死小病毒，但理論上能降低病毒穿透腸道黏蛋白層的能力，並減少繼發性細菌移位。
- 馬流感： 實驗研究顯示，若及早給藥，能有效減輕臨床症狀、減少病毒排泄及預防繼發性細菌性肺炎。
公共衛生警告： 由於奧司他韋 (Tamiflu®) 是人類應對流感大流行 (如 H5N1) 的關鍵第一線防禦藥物，許多專家強烈不建議在獸醫病患身上使用，以保護藥物庫存並防止病毒產生抗藥性。
法規注意事項： 美國 FDA 已嚴格禁止在雞、火雞和鴨等家禽中標示外使用奧司他韋及其他流感抗病毒藥物。
作用機制
Oseltamivir phosphate is a prodrug that is rapidly converted by hepatic esterases into its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate.
- Antiviral Action: It competitively inhibits the viral neuraminidase enzyme → prevents the cleavage of sialic acid residues on the host cell surface → halts the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells and prevents viral aggregation.
- Parvovirus Mechanism (Theoretical): Canine parvovirus does not possess neuraminidase. However, oseltamivir may inhibit host or bacterial neuraminidases in the GI tract → preserves the protective intestinal mucous layer → limits the ability of CPV to infect intestinal crypt cells and reduces GI bacterial colonization, translocation, and toxin absorption.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to oseltamivir
- Poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks) - FDA banned for extra-label use
不良反應
- Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting - usually transient)
- Insomnia (reported in humans)
- Vertigo (reported in humans)
注意事項
Public Health & Ethical Considerations: Routine use in dogs and cats is discouraged to prevent viral resistance and preserve human stockpiles for pandemic influenza.
- Timing: For true influenza infections, treatment must begin as early as possible (ideally within 40-48 hours of clinical signs onset) to be effective.
- Renal Impairment: Dosages may need adjustment in patients with severe renal insufficiency, as the active metabolite is primarily renally excreted.
- Neonatal Toxicity: High doses in neonatal rats showed significant accumulation in the brain compared to adults. Use with extreme caution in newborn puppies or kittens due to potential neurotoxicity.
- Pregnancy: FDA Category C. Minor skeletal abnormalities noted in high-dose rabbit studies. Use only if benefits outweigh risks.
藥物相互作用
May increase 2-fold the exposure to oseltamivir carboxylate (active metabolite) by reducing renal tubular secretion.
May potentially reduce the immune response to live influenza virus vaccines. No effect on inactivated (killed) vaccines.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of clinical signs, weight gain, WBC count maintenance in parvo)
- Gastrointestinal tolerance
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapidly absorbed after oral administration. In humans, bioavailability of the active carboxylate form is about 75%.
分佈
Minimally bound to plasma proteins.
代謝
Prodrug is converted into the active oseltamivir carboxylate predominantly via liver esterases. Does not act as a substrate or inhibitor for CYP-450 isoenzymes.
排除
Primarily eliminated via renal mechanisms (both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion). Up to 20% of a dose may be eliminated in the feces.
過量
Oseltamivir has a relatively low toxic potential. In humans, massive overdoses (up to 1000 mg) have primarily caused only gastrointestinal signs such as nausea and vomiting. Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral capsules
- Powder for oral suspension
人用標示
- Oseltamivir Phosphate Oral Capsules: 30 mg, 45 mg, & 75 mg (as base); Tamiflu®
- Oseltamivir Phosphate Powder for Oral Suspension: 12 mg/mL (as base) after reconstitution; Tamiflu®
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Capsules should be stored at 25°C (15-30°C permitted). Oral powder should be stored between 15-30°C. Once reconstituted with water, the suspension should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C) or in the refrigerator (2-8°C) and protected from freezing. Reconstituted suspension is stable for 10 days.
飼主須知
- 實驗性用途： 如果為您的寵物開立此藥（例如用於治療小病毒），請了解這是人類藥物的實驗性「標示外」用途。
- 給藥方式： 務必完全按照處方給藥。如果您的寵物有嘔吐症狀，獸醫可能會建議在給予此口服藥物前約 30 分鐘先注射止吐藥，以幫助寵物將藥物保留在體內。
- 副作用： 最常見的副作用是輕微的腸胃不適（噁心或嘔吐）。將藥物與少量食物一起餵食可能有助於減少此情況。
- 公共衛生： 此藥物與人類使用的克流感 (Tamiflu®) 相同。由於它是應對人類流感大流行的重要藥物，因此在寵物身上的使用存在爭議。
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